| Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine
|
| Year
|
Name
|
Nation[1]
|
Prize awarded for:
|
| 1901
|
Emil von Behring
|
Germany
|
work on serum therapy to treat diphtheria
|
| 1902
|
Ronald Ross
|
United Kingdom
|
research on malaria
|
| 1903
|
Niels Ryberg Finsen
|
Denmark
|
use of light radiation in the treatment of disease, particularly lupus vulgaris
|
| 1904
|
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
|
Russia
|
work on the physiology of digestion
|
| 1905
|
Robert Koch
|
Germany
|
research on tuberculosis
|
| 1906
|
Camillo Golgi
|
Italy
|
work on the structure of the nervous system
|
| Santiago Ramón y Cajal
|
Spain
|
| 1907
|
Alphonse Laveran
|
France
|
research into protozoal diseases
|
| 1908
|
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
|
Russia
|
research on immunity
|
| Paul Ehrlich
|
Germany
|
| 1909
|
Theodor Kocher
|
Switzerland
|
work on the thyroid gland
|
| 1910
|
Albrecht Kossel
|
Germany
|
research in biochemistry
|
| 1911
|
Allvar Gullstrand
|
Sweden
|
research on the optics of the eye
|
| 1912
|
Alexis Carrel
|
France
|
work on vascular suture and transplantation of blood vessels
|
| 1913
|
Charles Richet
|
France
|
research into anaphylaxis
|
| 1914
|
Robert Bárány
|
Austria
|
research on the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
|
| 1915
|
No award
|
| 1916
|
No award
|
| 1917
|
No award
|
| 1918
|
No award
|
| 1919
|
Jules Bordet
|
Belgium
|
discoveries relating to immunity
|
| 1920
|
August Krogh
|
Denmark
|
discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism
|
| 1921
|
No award
|
| 1922
|
Archibald Vivian Hill
|
United Kingdom
|
research on heat production in muscles
|
| Otto Fritz Meyerhof
|
Germany
|
discovery of the relationship between oxygen consumption and lactic acid metabolism in muscle
|
| 1923
|
Frederick G. Banting[2]
|
Canada
|
discovery of insulin
|
| John Macleod
|
Canada
|
| 1924
|
Willem Einthoven
|
Netherlands
|
discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram
|
| 1925
|
No award
|
| 1926
|
Johannes Fibiger
|
Denmark
|
discovery of Gongylonema neoplasticum, an helminthic parasite that induces gastric cancer
|
| 1927
|
Julius Wagner-Jauregg
|
Austria
|
the use of malaria inoculation in the treatment of general paralysis
|
| 1928
|
Charles Nicolle
|
France
|
work on typhus
|
| 1929
|
Christiaan Eijkman
|
Netherlands
|
discovery of antineuritic vitamin
|
| Sir Frederick Hopkins
|
United Kingdom
|
discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins
|
| 1930
|
Karl Landsteiner
|
Austria
|
discovery of human blood groups
|
| 1931
|
Otto Warburg
|
Germany
|
discovery of the nature and mode of action of respiratory enzyme
|
| 1932
|
Sir Charles Sherrington
|
United Kingdom
|
work on the functions of neurons
|
| Edgar Adrian
|
United Kingdom
|
| 1933
|
Thomas H. Morgan
|
United States
|
discovering the role of chromosomes in heredity
|
| 1934
|
George H. Whipple
|
United States
|
work on liver therapy for anemia
|
| George R. Minot
|
United States
|
| William P. Murphy
|
United States
|
| 1935
|
Hans Spemann
|
Germany
|
discovery of the organizing center in embryonic development
|
| 1936
|
Sir Henry Dale
|
United Kingdom
|
work on the chemical transmission of nerve impulses
|
| Otto Loewi
|
Austria
|
| 1937
|
Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrapolt
|
Hungary
|
work on the biochemistry of cell respiration, with special reference to vitamin C and fumaric acid
|
| 1938
|
Corneille Heymans
|
Belgium
|
discovery of the roles of the sinus and aorta in the regulation of respiration
|
| 1939
|
Gerhard Domagk
|
Germany
|
discovery of the antibacterial effects of the sulphonamide, Prontosil
|
| 1940
|
No award
|
| 1941
|
No award
|
| 1942
|
No award
|
| 1943
|
Henrik Dam
|
Denmark
|
discovery of vitamin K
|
| Edward A. Doisy
|
United States
|
discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K
|
| 1944
|
Joseph Erlanger
|
United States
|
work on the different types and functions of single nerve fibres
|
| Herbert S. Gasser
|
United States
|
| 1945
|
Sir Alexander Fleming
|
United Kingdom
|
discovery of penicillin and its properties in the cure of infectious diseases
|
| Ernst B. Chain
|
United Kingdom
|
| Sir Howard Florey
|
Australia
|
| 1946
|
Hermann J. Muller
|
United States
|
discovery that mutations can be induced by x-rays
|
| 1947
|
Carl Cori
|
United States
|
discovery of how glycogen is converted to glucose
|
| Gerty Cori
|
United States
|
| Bernardo Houssay
|
Argentina
|
discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar
|
| 1948
|
Paul Müller
|
Switzerland
|
discovery of the insecticide action of DDT
|
| 1949
|
Walter Hess
|
Switzerland
|
mapping the various functions of the midbrain
|
| Egas Moniz
|
Portugal
|
discovery of the therapeutic effect of prefrontal lobotomy
|
| 1950
|
Edward C. Kendall
|
United States
|
discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects
|
| Tadeus Reichstein
|
Switzerland
|
| Philip S. Hench
|
United States
|
| 1951
|
Max Theiler
|
South Africa
|
developing a vaccine against yellow fever
|
| 1952
|
Selman A. Waksman
|
United States
|
discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis
|
| 1953
|
Hans Krebs
|
United Kingdom
|
discovery of the citric acid cycle
|
| Fritz Lipmann
|
United States
|
discovery and research on coenzyme A
|
| 1954
|
John F. Enders
|
United States
|
cultivation of poliomyelitis viruses in tissue culture
|
| Thomas H. Weller
|
United States
|
| Frederick C. Robbins
|
United States
|
| 1955
|
Hugo Theorell
|
Sweden
|
discoveries on the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes
|
| 1956
|
André F. Cournand
|
United States
|
development of heart catheterization and discoveries in cardiovascular pathologies
|
| Werner Forssmann
|
Germany
|
| Dickinson W. Richards
|
United States
|
| 1957
|
Daniel Bovet
|
Italy
|
discoveries relating to synthetic drugs, including antihistamines
|
| 1958
|
George Beadle
|
United States
|
discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events
|
| Edward Tatum
|
United States
|
| Joshua Lederberg
|
United States
|
discoveries relating to genetic recombination and the organisation of genetic material in bacteria
|
| 1959
|
Severo Ochoa
|
United States
|
discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of the nucleic acids RNA and DNA
|
| Arthur Kornberg
|
United States
|
| 1960
|
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet
|
Australia
|
discovery of acquired immunological tolerance
|
| Peter Medawar
|
United Kingdom
|
| 1961
|
Georg von Békésy
|
United States
|
discovery of the physical mechanism of stimulation in the cochlea of the ear
|
| 1962
|
Francis Crick
|
United Kingdom
|
discovery of the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid and its significance for information transfer in living material
|
| James Watson
|
United States
|
| Maurice Wilkins
|
United Kingdom / New Zealand
|
| 1963
|
Sir John Eccles
|
Australia
|
research into the ionic mechanism of nerve transmission
|
| Alan L. Hodgkin
|
United Kingdom
|
| Andrew F. Huxley
|
United Kingdom
|
| 1964
|
Konrad Bloch
|
United States
|
research on cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism
|
| Feodor Lynen
|
Germany
|
| 1965
|
François Jacob
|
France
|
research into the genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis
|
| André Lwoff
|
France
|
| Jacques Monod
|
France
|
| 1966
|
Peyton Rous
|
United States
|
discovery of viruses that induce tumours
|
| Charles B. Huggins
|
United States
|
discoveries relating to the hormonal treatment of prostate cancer
|
| 1967
|
Ragnar Granit
|
Sweden
|
research into the physiological and chemical mechanism of vision in the eye
|
| Haldan K. Hartline
|
United States
|
| George Wald
|
United States
|
| 1968
|
Robert W. Holley
|
United States
|
interpretation of the genetic code and its function protein synthesis
|
| H. Gobind Khorana
|
United States
|
| Marshall W. Nirenberg
|
United States
|
| 1969
|
Max Delbrück
|
United States
|
research into the replication mechanism and genetic structure of viruses"
|
| Alfred D. Hershey
|
United States
|
| Salvador E. Luria
|
United States
|
| 1970
|
Sir Bernard Katz
|
United Kingdom
|
work on neurotransmitters
|
| Ulf von Euler
|
Sweden
|
| Julius Axelrod
|
United States
|
| 1971
|
Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
|
United States
|
research into the mechanisms of action of hormones, especially epinephrine via cyclic AMP
|
| 1972
|
Gerald M. Edelman
|
United States
|
discoveries in the chemical structure of antibodies
|
| Rodney R. Porter
|
United Kingdom
|
| 1973
|
Karl von Frisch
|
Germany
|
discoveries in the organisation and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns
|
| Konrad Lorenz
|
Austria
|
| Nikolaas Tinbergen
|
United Kingdom
|
| 1974
|
Albert Claude
|
Belgium
|
research into the structure and functional organisation of the cell
|
| Christian de Duve
|
Belgium
|
| George E. Palade
|
United States
|
| 1975
|
David Baltimore
|
United States
|
research into the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell
|
| Renato Dulbecco
|
United States
|
| Howard M. Temin
|
United States
|
| 1976
|
Baruch S. Blumberg
|
United States
|
research into new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious disease
|
| D. Carleton Gajdusek
|
United States
|
| 1977
|
Roger Guillemin
|
United States
|
work on peptide hormones produced in the brain"
|
| Andrew V. Schally
|
United States
|
| Rosalyn Yalow
|
United States
|
development of radioimmunoassays for peptide hormones
|
| 1978
|
Werner Arber
|
Switzerland
|
discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to molecular biology
|
| Daniel Nathans
|
United States
|
| Hamilton O. Smith
|
United States
|
| 1979
|
Allan M. Cormack
|
United States
|
development of computer assisted tomography
|
| Godfrey N. Hounsfield
|
United Kingdom
|
| 1980
|
Baruj Benacerraf
|
United States
|
research into the genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunlogical reactions
|
| Jean Dausset
|
France
|
| George D. Snell
|
United States
|
| 1981
|
Roger W. Sperry
|
United States
|
research on the functional specialisation of the cerebral hemispheres
|
| David H. Hubel
|
United States
|
work on information processing in the visual system
|
| Torsten N. Wiesel
|
Sweden
|
| 1982
|
Sune K. Bergström
|
Sweden
|
discoveries relating to prostaglandins
|
| Bengt I. Samuelsson
|
Sweden
|
| John R. Vane
|
United Kingdom
|
| 1983
|
Barbara McClintock
|
United States
|
discovery of mobile genetic elements
|
| 1984
|
Niels K. Jerne
|
Denmark
|
theories on the development and control of the immune system and the production of monoclonal antibodies
|
| Georges J. F. Köhler
|
Germany
|
| César Milstein
|
Argentina / United Kingdom
|
| 1985
|
Michael S. Brown
|
United States
|
research on the regulation of cholesterol metabolism
|
| Joseph L. Goldstein
|
United States
|
| 1986
|
Stanley Cohen
|
United States
|
discovery of growth factors
|
| Rita Levi-Montalcini
|
Italy/United States
|
| 1987
|
Susumu Tonegawa
|
Japan
|
discovery of the genetic principle of antibody diversity
|
| 1988
|
Sir James W. Black
|
United Kingdom
|
discoveries of important principles for drug treatment
|
| Gertrude B. Elion
|
United States
|
| George H. Hitchings
|
United States
|
| 1989
|
J. Michael Bishop
|
United States
|
discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes
|
| Harold E. Varmus
|
United States
|
| 1990
|
Joseph E. Murray
|
United States
|
work on organ and cell transplantation
|
| E. Donnall Thomas
|
United States
|
| 1991
|
Erwin Neher
|
Germany
|
research on single ion channels in cells
|
| Bert Sakmann
|
Germany
|
| 1992
|
Edmond H. Fischer
|
Switzerland/United States
|
for discovering how phosphorylation of proteins is used to regulate biological processes
|
| Edwin G. Krebs
|
United States
|
| 1993
|
Richard J. Roberts
|
United Kingdom
|
discovery that genes in eukaryotes are not contiguous strings but contain introns, and that the splicing of messenger RNA to delete those introns can occur in different ways, yielding different proteins from the same DNA sequence
|
| Phillip A. Sharp
|
United States
|
| 1994
|
Alfred G. Gilman
|
United States
|
discovery of G proteins and their role in signal transduction in cells
|
| Martin Rodbell
|
United States
|
| 1995
|
Edward B. Lewis
|
United States
|
research into the genetic control of early embryonic development
|
| Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
|
Germany
|
| Eric F. Wieschaus
|
United States
|
| 1996
|
Peter C. Doherty
|
Australia
|
research into the specificity of the cell-mediated immune defence
|
| Rolf M. Zinkernagel
|
Switzerland
|
| 1997
|
Stanley B. Prusiner
|
United States
|
discovery of prions
|
| 1998
|
Robert F. Furchgott
|
United States
|
elucidating nitric oxide's role as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system
|
| Louis J. Ignarro
|
United States
|
| Ferid Murad
|
United States
|
| 1999
|
Günter Blobel
|
United States
|
discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell
|
| 2000
|
Arvid Carlsson
|
Sweden
|
discoveries relating to signal transduction in the nervous system
|
| Paul Greengard
|
United States
|
| Eric R. Kandel
|
United States
|
| 2001
|
Leland H. Hartwell
|
United States
|
discovery of cyclin and cyclin dependent kinase, central molecules in the regulation of the cell cycle
|
| R. Timothy Hunt
|
United Kingdom
|
| Sir Paul M. Nurse
|
United Kingdom
|
| 2002
|
Sydney Brenner
|
United Kingdom
|
research into the genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death
|
| H. Robert Horvitz
|
United States
|
| John E. Sulston
|
United Kingdom
|
| 2003
|
Paul C. Lauterbur
|
United States
|
discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging
|
| Sir Peter Mansfield
|
United Kingdom
|
| 2004
|
Richard Axel
|
United States
|
discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system
|
| Linda B. Buck
|
United States
|
| 2005
|
Barry J. Marshall
|
Australia
|
discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
|
| J. Robin Warren
|
Australia
|
| 2006
|
Andrew Z. Fire
|
United States
|
discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA
|
| Craig C. Mello
|
United States
|