Oklahoma (U.S. state)

Flag of the State of Oklahoma

Oklahoma is the 46th state of the United States of America.

It is perhaps best known to the rest of the world for its frontier history, famously represented in Oklahoma!, the title song from the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical of the same name, based on a novel of pioneer days.

A major producer of oil and gas, Oklahoma once had a producing oil derrick on the grounds of its state Capitol.

Geography

Oklahoma is the 20th largest state in land area at approximately 69,900 square miles. The capital and largest city is Oklahoma City, with other major cities including Tulsa and Lawton. Oklahoma is bordered by Texas and New Mexico to the south and west, Kansas and Colorado to the north, and Missouri and Arkansas to the east.

Oklahoma has a diverse landscape and is divided into 10 distinct regions:

• Ozark Plateau
• Prairie Plains
• Ouachita Mountains
• Sandstone Hills
• Arbuckle Mountains
• Wichita Mountains
• Red River Valey Region
• Red Beds Plains
• Gypsum Hills
• High Plains

Oklahoma, which has experienced 3,376 tornadoes between 1950-2005,is located in a geographical region known as Tornado Alley.

History

Prior to the area being discovered by Europeans, Oklahoma was occupied by a civilization noted for building mounds of earth across the landscape. The most notable archaeological evidence of this are the Spiro Mounds, located in eastern Oklahoma, which yielded artifacts dating between 850 and 1450 AD. It is unknown if the Spiro peoples had any interaction with the European explorers, beginning with Coronado's expedition in 1541. Spanish explorers would continue to explore the area for the fabled Seven Cities of Cibola until they were challenged by the French in the late seventeenth century. In 1803, the territory that would become Oklahoma was sold by the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase.

Around 1820, the federal government started using Oklahoma as a destination for Native American tribes being relocated from the east coast. Known as Indian Territory, the area became the new home of more than sixty tribes. The largest groups to be resettled were the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole). Although some of the tribes signed removal treaties, the voluntary nature of them made the relocation a slow process. In 1830, the Indian Removal Act was passed, which granted the federal government greater authority to forcibly remove the tribes to their new territory. Exposed to disease, lack of supplies, and military pressure, there was great suffering among the tribes during their removal and their ordeal is referred to as the Trail of Tears.

Civil War

At the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, federal troops abandoned Indian Territory and headed east. The Confederacy, recognizing the Union would likely block their major ports, desired to utilize the territory to bolster their food supply. The tribes held black slaves, which aligned them ideologically with the South. The Confederacy sent Arkansas attorney Albert Pike to negotiate treaties with the Five Civilized Tribes. The tribes were slaveholders, which aligned them ideologically with the South. Pike promised to pay the subsidies the U.S. government had paid, permanently guarantee their lands and their right to tribal self-government, and to provide protection and guns. Only with their consent could they be sent outside the territory to do battle. The Cherokees and Choctaws could send a delegate to the Confederate Congress, with the prospect of eventually become a state.

While these promises allowed the Confederacy to secure alliances with a majority of the tribes, a minority desired to remain neutral, which led to violent conflict with the Confederate Indians. The first Civil War battle in Indian Territory occurred at Round Mountain, in which the Confederates defeated a group of loyalist Creek and Seminoles led by Opothleyahola. The Confederates dominated the territory until early 1862 when Union troops returned and won battles at Pea Ridge, Fort Gibson, and Honey Springs. The Confederate Indians were the last to surrender, three months after Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse. Going to war against the United States proved to be the downfall of Indian independence. The Five Tribes were punished and new tribes were moved in and given some of their lands, including the Arapahoe, Kiowa, Apache, Wichita, Caddo and Osage. By 1885 some 45 new tribes had moved in. The buffalo disappeared and most Indians became cattle ranchers. Railroads were built, and Texas ranchers moved large herds north. The Dawes Act gave Indians title to land individually (rather than tribally), and they started to sell it off.

Unoccupied lands were open to white settlement, with over 50,000 homesteadersers arriving on April 22, 1890. Some settlers came "sooner" than the official timetable allowed. Cities sprang up overnight , including Oklahoma City, Kingfisher, Edmond, and Guthrie. Guthrie became the new capital of the Territory of Oklahoma, in the west, with Indian Territory in the east. The combined population reached 1 million, but they resisted being joined together. Finally the two territories were joined and the State of Oklahoma was admitted to the Union in November, 1907, with a democratic constitution that prohibited liquor, provided for the initiative and referendum, created strong county governments, regulated railroad rates, and limited the governor to one elected term. The Democrats came to power and moved the capital from Republican-dominated Guthrie to Democratic Oklahoma City.

Politics

Oklahoma is a relatively conservative and the state had recently become a Republican stronghold in presidential elections, while splitting the vote in state and local elections. The two U.S. senators are Tom Coburn (R) and Jim Inhofe (R). It has five representatives; four Republicans and one Democrat.

Brad Henry (D) has been governor of Oklahoma since 2003. The Republicans control the Oklahoma House of Representatives (57 to 44), while the Senate is evenly split between the parties (24 to 24).