Occitan language: Difference between revisions

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==Name==
==Name==
The term '''Occitan''' is nowadays the most used for the language. It appeared between 1290 and 1300<ref>LAFONT Robèrt (1986) “La nominacion indirècta dels païses”, Revue des langues romanes 2, vol. XC:  161-171</ref>, perhaps as early as 1271<ref>LODGE R. A. (1993) ''French, from dialect to standard'', London / New York: Routledge, p. 96 — Quoted in: [http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/fll/11339527/articulos/CFIT9797110253A.PDF MULJAČIĆ Žarko (1997) “Perché i glottonimi linguaggio italiano, lingua italiana (e sim.) appaiono per indicare ‘oggetti’ reali e non soltanto auspicati molto più tardi di altri termini analoghi che si riferiscono a varie lingue gallo e ibero-romanze?”, ''Cuadernos de filología italiana'' 4: 253-264]</ref> in texts written in Latin under forms such as ''occitanus, lingua occitana'', simultaneously with the territory name ''Occitania'' (''Occitania'' in Latin and English, ''Occitània'' in Occitan). It is thought that ''Occitania'' was created from ''òc'' (that is ''lenga d'òc'') and the ending of the territory name ''[Aqu]itania''. The terms ''Occitan'' and ''Occitania'' used to belong to a learned register for a long time but they have gained a wide usage since the second half of the 20th century.
'''Occitan''' is nowadays the most frequently used name for the language. It appeared between 1290 and 1300<ref>LAFONT Robèrt (1986) “La nominacion indirècta dels païses”, Revue des langues romanes 2, vol. XC:  161-171</ref>, perhaps as early as 1271<ref>LODGE R. A. (1993) ''French, from dialect to standard'', London / New York: Routledge, p. 96 — Quoted in: [http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/fll/11339527/articulos/CFIT9797110253A.PDF MULJAČIĆ Žarko (1997) “Perché i glottonimi linguaggio italiano, lingua italiana (e sim.) appaiono per indicare ‘oggetti’ reali e non soltanto auspicati molto più tardi di altri termini analoghi che si riferiscono a varie lingue gallo e ibero-romanze?”, ''Cuadernos de filología italiana'' 4: 253-264]</ref> in texts written in Latin under forms such as ''occitanus, lingua occitana'', simultaneously with the territory name ''Occitania'' (''Occitania'' in Latin and English, ''Occitània'' in Occitan). It is thought that ''Occitania'' was created from ''òc'' (that is ''lenga d'òc'') and the ending of the territory name ''[Aqu]itania''. The terms ''Occitan'' and ''Occitania'' used to belong to a learned register for a long time but they have gained a wide usage since the second half of the 20th century.


The term '''Lenga d'Òc''', that is 'language of òc', may be said in English ''Lenga d'Òc'' as in Occitan or ''Langue d'Oc'' as in French. ''Lenga d'Òc'' appeared in texts in 1291<ref>LODGE R. A. (1993) ''French, from dialect to standard'', London / New York: Routledge, p. 96 — Quoted in: [http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/fll/11339527/articulos/CFIT9797110253A.PDF MULJAČIĆ Žarko (1997) “Perché i glottonimi linguaggio italiano, lingua italiana (e sim.) appaiono per indicare ‘oggetti’ reali e non soltanto auspicati molto più tardi di altri termini analoghi che si riferiscono a varie lingue gallo e ibero-romanze?”, ''Cuadernos de filología italiana'' 4: 253-264]</ref> and is the likely etymology of the term ''Oc[citan]''. Notably, ''Lenga d'Òc'' was spread from ''[[De vulgari eloquentia]]'' (1303-1305), the famous essay of Italian writer [[Dante Alighieri]], where three Romance languages were identified by the affirmation adverb which means 'yes': 'language of òc' (Occitan), 'language of sì' ([[Italian language|Italian]]) and 'language of oïl' (French).
The term '''Lenga d'Òc''', that is 'language of òc', may be said in English ''Lenga d'Òc'' as in Occitan or ''Langue d'Oc'' as in French. ''Lenga d'Òc'' appeared in texts in 1291<ref>LODGE R. A. (1993) ''French, from dialect to standard'', London / New York: Routledge, p. 96 — Quoted in: [http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/fll/11339527/articulos/CFIT9797110253A.PDF MULJAČIĆ Žarko (1997) “Perché i glottonimi linguaggio italiano, lingua italiana (e sim.) appaiono per indicare ‘oggetti’ reali e non soltanto auspicati molto più tardi di altri termini analoghi che si riferiscono a varie lingue gallo e ibero-romanze?”, ''Cuadernos de filología italiana'' 4: 253-264]</ref> and is the likely etymology of ''Oc[citan]''. Notably, ''Lenga d'Òc'' was spread from ''[[De vulgari eloquentia]]'' (1303-1305), the famous essay of Italian writer [[Dante Alighieri]], where three Romance languages were identified by the affirmation adverb which means 'yes': 'language of òc' (Occitan), 'language of sì' ([[Italian language|Italian]]) and 'language of oïl' (French).


The term '''Provençal''' (''provençau, provençal'' in Modern Occitan; ''proensal'' in Old Occitan) appeared around 1240.<ref>SCHLIEBEN-LANGE Brigitte (1991): "Okzitanisch: Grammatikographie und Lexikographie", ''Lexikon der Romanistichen Linguistik'' V, 2: 105-126 (p. 111) — Quoted in: [http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/fll/11339527/articulos/CFIT9797110253A.PDF MULJAČIĆ Žarko (1997) “Perché i glottonimi linguaggio italiano, lingua italiana (e sim.) appaiono per indicare ‘oggetti’ reali e non soltanto auspicati molto più tardi di altri termini analoghi che si riferiscono a varie lingue gallo e ibero-romanze?”, ''Cuadernos de filología italiana'' 4: 253-264]</ref> Italians authors, which were influenced by the high prestige of Medieval Occitan, helped the spread of this name since Provence is the closest region of Occitania from an Italian perspective. In traditional Romance linguistics, ''Provençal'' was the most used term for the whole language before it was replaced by ''Occitan'' in the second half of the 20th century. A large part of Occitan-speaking people do not live in Provence and therefore can hardly identify themselves as 'Provençal-speakers', so the spread of the term 'Occitan' has been viewed as a more neutral naming solution which does not favors any particular region. Nowadays, the term ''[[Provençal Occitan|Provençal]]'' is mostly used to designate the Occitan dialect of Provence rather than the whole Occitan language.
The term '''Provençal''' (''provençau, provençal'' in Modern Occitan; ''proensal'' in Old Occitan) appeared around 1240.<ref>SCHLIEBEN-LANGE Brigitte (1991): "Okzitanisch: Grammatikographie und Lexikographie", ''Lexikon der Romanistichen Linguistik'' V, 2: 105-126 (p. 111) — Quoted in: [http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/fll/11339527/articulos/CFIT9797110253A.PDF MULJAČIĆ Žarko (1997) “Perché i glottonimi linguaggio italiano, lingua italiana (e sim.) appaiono per indicare ‘oggetti’ reali e non soltanto auspicati molto più tardi di altri termini analoghi che si riferiscono a varie lingue gallo e ibero-romanze?”, ''Cuadernos de filología italiana'' 4: 253-264]</ref> Italian authors, which were influenced by the high prestige of Medieval Occitan, helped the spread of this name since Provence is the closest region of Occitania from an Italian perspective. In traditional Romance linguistics, ''Provençal'' was the most used term for the whole language before it was replaced by ''Occitan'' in the second half of the 20th century. A large part of Occitan-speaking people do not live in Provence and therefore can hardly identify themselves as 'Provençal-speakers', so the spread of the term 'Occitan' has been viewed as a more neutral naming solution which does not favors any particular region. Nowadays, the term ''[[Provençal Occitan|Provençal]]'' is mostly used to designate the Occitan dialect of Provence rather than the whole Occitan language.
 
The term '''Lemosin''' appeared between 1190 and 1213<ref>SCHLIEBEN-LANGE Brigitte (1991): "Okzitanisch: Grammatikographie und Lexikographie", ''Lexikon der Romanistichen Linguistik'' V, 2: 105-126 (p. 111) — Quoted in: [http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/fll/11339527/articulos/CFIT9797110253A.PDF MULJAČIĆ Žarko (1997) “Perché i glottonimi linguaggio italiano, lingua italiana (e sim.) appaiono per indicare ‘oggetti’ reali e non soltanto auspicati molto più tardi di altri termini analoghi che si riferiscono a varie lingue gallo e ibero-romanze?”, ''Cuadernos de filología italiana'' 4: 253-264]</ref>. It was used mostly during the 13th century because some famous [[troubadour]]s were originary from Limousin. During the 18th and the 19th century, some learned persons used to call ''llemosí'' the Catalan language in reference to the role of medieval Occitan in the birth of Catalan literature. Nowadays ''[[Lemosin Occitan|Lemosin]]'' only designates the Occitan dialect of Limousin and northern Périgord.
 
The term '''Gascon''' used to designate sometimes the whole Occitan language during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries<ref>GARDY Philippe (2001) "Les noms de l'occitan / Nommer l'occitan", in: BOYER Henri, & GARDY Philippe (2001) (dir.) ''Dix siècles d’usages et d’images de l’occitan: des troubadours à l’Internet'', coll. Sociolinguistique, Paris: L’Harmattan, p. 43-60</ref>. Gascony was a major center of Occitan literature. Nowadays ''[[Gascon Occitan|Gascon]]'' only designates the Occitan dialect of Gascony and Bearn.


==Footnotes==
==Footnotes==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}

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Occitan — also called Lenga d'Òc, Langue d'Oc or Provençal — (in their own language: occitan, lenga d'òc and sometimes provençau) is a Romance language spoken in a territory called Occitania, which comprises southern France, Monaco, part of Italy (the Occitan Valleys) and part of Spain (the Aran Valley).

This minority language has the status of an official language in Spain[1] and of a protected language in Italy.[2] It has no official status in France, nor in Monaco. Its usage is quite limited compared to dominant state languages such as French, Italian and Spanish.

Nowadays, Occitan enjoys a dynamic movement of cultural defense and modern creativity, especially in literature and music. Occitan literature has been famous and uninterrupted since the 10th century,[3] including the troubadours of the Middle Ages, a baroque period, Frederic Mistral's Nobel prize in 1904 and a constant renewal nowadays.[4]

The main Occitan dialects are Provençal (including Niçard), Vivaro-Alpine, Auvernhat, Lemosin, Gascon and Lengadocian.[5] All of them are integrated into and respected in the ongoing standardization process.

Catalan is extremely close to Occitan.

Name

Occitan is nowadays the most frequently used name for the language. It appeared between 1290 and 1300[6], perhaps as early as 1271[7] in texts written in Latin under forms such as occitanus, lingua occitana, simultaneously with the territory name Occitania (Occitania in Latin and English, Occitània in Occitan). It is thought that Occitania was created from òc (that is lenga d'òc) and the ending of the territory name [Aqu]itania. The terms Occitan and Occitania used to belong to a learned register for a long time but they have gained a wide usage since the second half of the 20th century.

The term Lenga d'Òc, that is 'language of òc', may be said in English Lenga d'Òc as in Occitan or Langue d'Oc as in French. Lenga d'Òc appeared in texts in 1291[8] and is the likely etymology of Oc[citan]. Notably, Lenga d'Òc was spread from De vulgari eloquentia (1303-1305), the famous essay of Italian writer Dante Alighieri, where three Romance languages were identified by the affirmation adverb which means 'yes': 'language of òc' (Occitan), 'language of sì' (Italian) and 'language of oïl' (French).

The term Provençal (provençau, provençal in Modern Occitan; proensal in Old Occitan) appeared around 1240.[9] Italian authors, which were influenced by the high prestige of Medieval Occitan, helped the spread of this name since Provence is the closest region of Occitania from an Italian perspective. In traditional Romance linguistics, Provençal was the most used term for the whole language before it was replaced by Occitan in the second half of the 20th century. A large part of Occitan-speaking people do not live in Provence and therefore can hardly identify themselves as 'Provençal-speakers', so the spread of the term 'Occitan' has been viewed as a more neutral naming solution which does not favors any particular region. Nowadays, the term Provençal is mostly used to designate the Occitan dialect of Provence rather than the whole Occitan language.

The term Lemosin appeared between 1190 and 1213[10]. It was used mostly during the 13th century because some famous troubadours were originary from Limousin. During the 18th and the 19th century, some learned persons used to call llemosí the Catalan language in reference to the role of medieval Occitan in the birth of Catalan literature. Nowadays Lemosin only designates the Occitan dialect of Limousin and northern Périgord.

The term Gascon used to designate sometimes the whole Occitan language during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries[11]. Gascony was a major center of Occitan literature. Nowadays Gascon only designates the Occitan dialect of Gascony and Bearn.

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Act no. 16 of 1990 (Regim especiau dera Val d'Aran / Special Regime of Aran Valley) and Act no. 1 of 1998 (Lei de politica linguistica / Language Policy Act), both in the autonomous region of Catalonia; see here.
  2. ↑ Act no. 482 of 1999 in Italy (Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche / Norms Concerning the Protection of Historical Language Minorities), see here.
  3. ↑ LAFONT Robert, & ANATOLE Christian (1970) Nouvelle histoire de la littérature occitane, coll. Publications de l’Institut d’Études Occitanes, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2 vol.
  4. ↑ KIRSCH F. Peter, & KREMNITZ Georg, & SCHLIEBEN-LANGE Brigitte (2002) Petite histoire sociale de la langue occitane: usages, images, literature, grammaires et dictionnaires, coll. Cap al Sud, 66140 Canet: Trabucaire.
  5. ↑ BEC Pierre (1973) Manuel pratique d’occitan moderne, coll. Connaissance des langues, Paris: Picard.
  6. ↑ LAFONT Robèrt (1986) “La nominacion indirècta dels païses”, Revue des langues romanes 2, vol. XC: 161-171
  7. ↑ LODGE R. A. (1993) French, from dialect to standard, London / New York: Routledge, p. 96 — Quoted in: MULJAČIĆ Žarko (1997) “Perché i glottonimi linguaggio italiano, lingua italiana (e sim.) appaiono per indicare ‘oggetti’ reali e non soltanto auspicati molto più tardi di altri termini analoghi che si riferiscono a varie lingue gallo e ibero-romanze?”, Cuadernos de filología italiana 4: 253-264
  8. ↑ LODGE R. A. (1993) French, from dialect to standard, London / New York: Routledge, p. 96 — Quoted in: MULJAČIĆ Žarko (1997) “Perché i glottonimi linguaggio italiano, lingua italiana (e sim.) appaiono per indicare ‘oggetti’ reali e non soltanto auspicati molto più tardi di altri termini analoghi che si riferiscono a varie lingue gallo e ibero-romanze?”, Cuadernos de filología italiana 4: 253-264
  9. ↑ SCHLIEBEN-LANGE Brigitte (1991): "Okzitanisch: Grammatikographie und Lexikographie", Lexikon der Romanistichen Linguistik V, 2: 105-126 (p. 111) — Quoted in: MULJAČIĆ Žarko (1997) “Perché i glottonimi linguaggio italiano, lingua italiana (e sim.) appaiono per indicare ‘oggetti’ reali e non soltanto auspicati molto più tardi di altri termini analoghi che si riferiscono a varie lingue gallo e ibero-romanze?”, Cuadernos de filología italiana 4: 253-264
  10. ↑ SCHLIEBEN-LANGE Brigitte (1991): "Okzitanisch: Grammatikographie und Lexikographie", Lexikon der Romanistichen Linguistik V, 2: 105-126 (p. 111) — Quoted in: MULJAČIĆ Žarko (1997) “Perché i glottonimi linguaggio italiano, lingua italiana (e sim.) appaiono per indicare ‘oggetti’ reali e non soltanto auspicati molto più tardi di altri termini analoghi che si riferiscono a varie lingue gallo e ibero-romanze?”, Cuadernos de filología italiana 4: 253-264
  11. ↑ GARDY Philippe (2001) "Les noms de l'occitan / Nommer l'occitan", in: BOYER Henri, & GARDY Philippe (2001) (dir.) Dix siècles d’usages et d’images de l’occitan: des troubadours à l’Internet, coll. Sociolinguistique, Paris: L’Harmattan, p. 43-60
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