Grenada invasion (U.S.A., 1983): Difference between revisions
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'''Operation Urgent Fury''' was the operational name for the 1983 invasion of the small [[Caribbean]] nation of [[Grenada]].<ref name=bostonglobe2013-09-18/> | '''Operation Urgent Fury''' was the operational name for the 1983 invasion of the small [[Caribbean]] nation of [[Grenada]], on October 25, 1983.<ref name=bostonglobe2013-09-18/><ref name=nytimes1985-08-18/><ref name=nytimes1984-10-28/> | ||
==Triggers for the invasion== | |||
Justifications for the invasion included the assassination of Prime Minister [[Maurice Bishop]]; the presence of hundreds of Americans, who could be made hostages; and Grenada's construction of a new, longer, runway.<ref name=nytimes1985-08-18/> | |||
===assassination of Prime Minister Maurice Bishop=== | |||
Bishop, the leader of the left-wing [[New Jewel Movement]], who had come to power in 1979, was friendly with [[Fidel Castro]], the communist leader of [[Cuba]].<ref name=nytimes1985-08-18/> But his party included more extreme elements, including [[Bernard Coard]] and [[Hudson Austin]], who arrested and assassinated Bishop, on October 21, 1983.<ref name=nytimes1984-10-28/> | |||
===Americans who were potential hostages=== | |||
There were 224 Americans, studying medicine, at a medical school in Grenada.<ref name=nytimes1985-08-18/> In addition other Americans were known to live there, for a total of something like 1,000 individuals - or just under one percent of Grenada's population. | |||
In 1984 Dr. [[Geoffrey H. Bourne]], the chief official at the school, said he never felt the Americans at the school were at any risk of being made hostages.<ref name=nytimes1985-08-18/> He said coup-leader Austin visited the school, specifically to make sure the Americans had enough food and water after an emergency curfew was imposed, and to reassure them he did not want conflict with the USA. | |||
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was that the current government of Grenada was sympathetic to communist [[Cuba]], an Cuba was helping to construct a new, longer, runway, at Grenada's airport, that would be long enough to land Cuban jet fighters, neglecting to mention it required a longer runway for larger airliners carrying tourists. | |||
During the invasion American military spokespeople claimed that Cuban civilian workers, in Grenada, were reservists, and that these Cuban reservists stiffened Grenada's resistance to the invasion.<ref name=nytimes1983-11-14/> | During the invasion American military spokespeople claimed that Cuban civilian workers, in Grenada, were reservists, and that these Cuban reservists stiffened Grenada's resistance to the invasion.<ref name=nytimes1983-11-14/> | ||
--> | |||
==Invasion== | |||
The [[United States]] provided most of the invading force, although six other nations in the [[Organization of American States]] provided token elements. [[Canada]] was not invited to play a role in the invasion, and was not informed of the invasion, in advance. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|refs= | {{Reflist|refs= | ||
<ref name=nytimes1985-08-18> | |||
{{cite news | {{cite news | ||
| url = | | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/18/books/lessons-of-a-little-war.html | ||
| title = | | title = Lessons of a little war | ||
| work = | | work = [[The New York Times]] | ||
| author = | | author = James Chace | ||
| date = | | date = 1985-08-18 | ||
| page = | | page = | ||
| location = | | location = | ||
| Line 29: | Line 46: | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
<ref name=nytimes1984-10-28> | |||
{{cite news | {{cite news | ||
| url = | | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/28/world/danger-to-grenada-students-is-still-debated.html | ||
| title = | | title = Danger to Grenada students is still debated | ||
| work = | | work = [[The New York Times]] | ||
| author = | | author = Joseph B. Treaster | ||
| date = | | date = 1984-10-28 | ||
| page = | | page = A10 | ||
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20221017080056/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/28/world/danger-to-grenada-students-is-still-debated.html | |||
| archivedate = 2022-10-17 | |||
| archiveurl = | |||
| archivedate = | |||
| accessdate = 2022-12-21 | | accessdate = 2022-12-21 | ||
| url-status = live | | url-status = live | ||
| quote = | | quote = The general and other army officers checked in on the students several times over the next four days, Dr. Bourne said. He said he last spoke with the general the night before Oct. 25, 1983, when the United States invasion began. He said that, in his view, the students did not appear to be in danger of being taken hostage. | ||
}} | }} | ||
[https://web.archive.org/web/20221017080056/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/28/world/danger-to-grenada-students-is-still-debated.html mirror] | |||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
Revision as of 12:07, 21 December 2022
Operation Urgent Fury was the operational name for the 1983 invasion of the small Caribbean nation of Grenada, on October 25, 1983.[1][2][3]
Triggers for the invasion
Justifications for the invasion included the assassination of Prime Minister Maurice Bishop; the presence of hundreds of Americans, who could be made hostages; and Grenada's construction of a new, longer, runway.[2]
assassination of Prime Minister Maurice Bishop
Bishop, the leader of the left-wing New Jewel Movement, who had come to power in 1979, was friendly with Fidel Castro, the communist leader of Cuba.[2] But his party included more extreme elements, including Bernard Coard and Hudson Austin, who arrested and assassinated Bishop, on October 21, 1983.[3]
Americans who were potential hostages
There were 224 Americans, studying medicine, at a medical school in Grenada.[2] In addition other Americans were known to live there, for a total of something like 1,000 individuals - or just under one percent of Grenada's population.
In 1984 Dr. Geoffrey H. Bourne, the chief official at the school, said he never felt the Americans at the school were at any risk of being made hostages.[2] He said coup-leader Austin visited the school, specifically to make sure the Americans had enough food and water after an emergency curfew was imposed, and to reassure them he did not want conflict with the USA.
Invasion
The United States provided most of the invading force, although six other nations in the Organization of American States provided token elements. Canada was not invited to play a role in the invasion, and was not informed of the invasion, in advance.
References
- ↑ Phil Kukielski. How Grenada reshaped the US military, The Boston Globe, 2013-09-18. mirror
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 James Chace. Lessons of a little war, The New York Times, 1985-08-18. Retrieved on 2022-12-21.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Joseph B. Treaster. Danger to Grenada students is still debated, The New York Times, 1984-10-28, p. A10. Retrieved on 2022-12-21. “The general and other army officers checked in on the students several times over the next four days, Dr. Bourne said. He said he last spoke with the general the night before Oct. 25, 1983, when the United States invasion began. He said that, in his view, the students did not appear to be in danger of being taken hostage.” mirror
<ref> tag with name "nytimes1983-11-14" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.