Aerospace engineering

Aerospace engineering is the branch of engineering that concerns aircraft, spacecraft, and related topics. It is often called aeronautical engineering, particularly when referring solely to aircraft, and astronautical engineering, when referring to spacecraft.

Overview

Aerospace engineers design, develop, and test aircraft, spacecraft, satellites and missiles and or supervise the manufacture of these products. Those who work with aircraft are called aeronautical engineers, and those working specifically with spacecraft are astronautical engineers. Aerospace engineers develop new technologies for use in aviation, defense systems, and space exploration, often specializing in areas such as structural design, guidance, navigation and control, instrumentation and communication, or production methods. They also may specialize in a particular type of aerospace product, such as commercial aircraft, military fighter jets, helicopters, spacecraft, or missiles and rockets, and may become experts in aerodynamics, thermodynamics, celestial mechanics, propulsion, acoustics, or guidance and control systems.

Elements

Some of the elements of aerospace engineering are:

• Fluid mechanics - the study of fluid flow around objects. Specifically aerodynamics concerning the flow of air over bodies such as wings or through objects such as wind tunnels (see also lift and aeronautics).
• Dynamics and engineering mechanics - the study of movement, forces, moments in mechanical systems.
• Mathematics - as most subjects within aerospace engineering involve equations and mathematical manipulation and derivations, a solid and comprehensive study of mathematics is required to enable effective learning in the other modules.
• Electrotechnology - the study of electronics within engineering.
• Propulsion - the energy to move a vehicle through the air (or in outer space) is provided by internal combustion engines, jet engines and turbomachinery, or rockets (see also propeller and spacecraft propulsion).
• Control engineering - the study of mathematical modelling of systems and designing them in order that they behave in the desired way. As aircraft flight control systems are becoming increasingly complex, they can be studied as a separate module.
• Aircraft structures - design of the physical configuration of the craft to withstand the forces encountered during flight. Aerospace engineering aims very much at keeping structures lightweight.
• Materials science - related to structures, aerospace engineering also studies the materials of which the aerospace structures are to be built. New materials with very specific properties are invented, or existing ones are modified to improve their performance.
• Aeroelasticity - the interaction of aerodynamic forces and structural flexibility, potentially causing flutter, divergence, etc.
• Avionics - specifically concerning the design and programming of any computer systems on board an aircraft or spacecraft and the simulation of systems. Navigation equipment may be the focus of this study.
• Risk and reliability - the study of risk and reliability assessment techniques and the mathematics involved in the quantitative methods.
• Noise control - the study of the mechanics of sound transfer. Required as noise levels are a massive consideration in the current aerospace industry.
• Flight test - the discipline of designing and executing flight test programs in order to gather and analyze performance and handling qualities data in order to determine if an aircraft meets its design and performance goals and certification requirements.

The basis of most of these elements lies in theoretical mathematics, such as fluid dynamics for aerodynamics or the equations of motion for flight dynamics. However, there is also a large empirical component. Historically, this empirical component was derived from testing of scale models and prototypes, either in wind tunnels or in the free atmosphere. More recently, advances in computing have enabled the use of computational fluid dynamics to simulate the behavior of fluid, reducing time and expense spent on wind-tunnel testing.

Additionally, aerospace engineering addresses the integration of all components that constitute an aerospace vehicle (subsystems including power, communications, thermal control, life support, etc.) and its life cycle (design, temperature, pressure, radiation, velocity, life time), leading to extraordinary challenges and solutions specific to the domain of aerospace systems engineering.

See List of aerospace engineering topics.

Popular culture

Popular culture has not been unaffected by this branch of engineering. The term "rocket scientist" is at times used to describe a person of remarkable or in the considered context higher than average intelligence. Aerospace engineering has also been represented as the more "glittery" pinnacle of engineering. The movie Apollo 13 depicts the ground team as a group of heroes in a Hollywood fashion glorifying the intelligence and competence of white shirt and tie professionals as a sharp contrast to pop culture trends. This was later extended in more detail in the spin-off series From the Earth to the Moon.

Aerospace engineering degrees

Aerospace (or aeronautical) engineering can be studied at the bachelors, masters, and Ph.D. levels in aerospace engineering departments at many universities, and in mechanical engineering departments at others.

Timelines

This is a List of Aerospace Engineering Historical Events:

• 1783: First flight of a human being, in a hot air balloon built by the Montgofier brothers in Paris.
• 1901: Alberto Santos-Dumont wins the Deutsch Prize flying his Airship #6 around a course over Paris.
• 1903: On December 17th, the first powered heavier-than-air flight, by the Wright brothers, at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
• 1919: On June 15th, Alcock and Brown completed the first non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean in a modified Vickers Vimy bomber.
• 1937: In April, the first turbo-jet engine, developed by Francis Whittle, in the UK, achieved sustained operation in ground testing.
• 1939: On August 27, the first flight of a true turbine-equipped jetplane, the Heinkel He 178 (Germany), piloted by Erich Warsitz.
• 1942: On October 3 the first successful test launch of the German V-2 ballistic missile, at Peenemunde in Germany. This was probably the first self propelled vehicle to break the sound barrier.
• 1944:
  • Early in the year (date uncertain) a V-2 test rocket, launched from Peenemunde in Germany reached 189 kilometres altitude, the first artificial object to reach outer space.
  • On September 8th, the world's first successful ballistic missile (V-2, launched by Germany) hits its target for the first time, Chiswick in London, UK. Three civilians were killed and seventeen injured, a massive crater was left. By September 1944, the V-2s routinely achieved Mach-4 during terminal descent.
• 1947: On October 14th, American test pilot Chuck Yeager breaks the sound barrier in an X-1 rocket aircraft over California (U.S. state) in the United States of America.
• 1952: On 2 May G-ALYP, a DeHavilland Comet, operated by BOAC, took off from London, UK on the world's first all-jet flight with fare-paying passengers, beginning scheduled service to Johannesburg.
• 1957: On October 4th, the USSR launches the world's first artificial satellite called Sputnik-1 using an R-7 launcher from the Baikonur Cosmodrome.
• 1969:
  • On February 21st, the USSR — N-1 rocket lunar test flight failed to reach orbit. As of September 2007, this was the heaviest flying object ever launched, but it did not reach space.
  • On July 20th, the United States spacecraft Apollo 11, achieves first landing of humans on the moon. Armstrong and Aldrin touched down on the moon at 4:18 p.m. EDT July 20. Upon landing Armstrong reported, "Houston, Tranquillity Base here - the Eagle has landed."
• 1975: On 26 December the first civilian supersonic transport, the Tupolev Tu-144S went into service, flying mail and freight between Moscow and Alma-Ata in preparation for passenger services, which commenced in November 1977. Operated by Aeroflot.