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Osteoporosis

Surgeon General (Smith 2000) 

Risks of Developing Osteoporosis in Women and Men

Fractures, a common consequence of osteoporosis, and often the first indication of the disease, rank as osteoporosis' most adverse consequence. It of causes severe pain and debilitation, especially in the elderly who fall and fracture their hip, and it can lead to death from complications during the planned recovery period. The accompanying table from the Surgeon General's 2004 report (Surgeon General 2004) indicates that at age 50 years white women carry a lifetime risk of hip, spine or forearm fracture amounting to nearly 40%, and men about 13%.

Surgeon General Report on Bone Health and Osteoporosis in 2004 (Surgeon General 2004).

The gender difference relates in part to the faster waning of sex steroid hormones in women as they age, menopause predating the more gradual andropause. Male and female sex hormones act on bone in a positive way, not surprisingly since successful reproduction depends in many ways on healthy bones in the parents.

References Cited (alphabetical by last name of first author as cited in text with publication date)

Smith RE. (2000) Bone Diseases. BMRJ 43:987-1234.

Cummings SR, Melton LJ. (2002) Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures. Lancet 359(9319):1761-7

Surgeon General Report. (2004) Bone Health and Osteoporosis

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Scientists

For biographies of scientists.

Template:Infobox Scientist

Table from OO

DATE	EVENT
1837-1901	The Victorian Age: Reign of Victoria, Queen of England and Ireland
1892	J.B.S. Born, November 5, John Burdon Sanderson Haldane, Oxford, England
~1894	“I suppose my scientific career began at the age of about two, when I used to play on the floor of his laboratory and watch him playing a complicated game called "experiments"-the rules I did not understand, but he clearly enjoyed it.”
1896	Sister of J.B.S., Naomi born; later becomes Lady Mitichison
1900	Rediscovery of Gregor Mendel’s Laws of Heredity by Carl Correns, Erik von Tschermak, and Hugo de Vries; those works later to occupy JBS in attempting to synthesize Mendel's Laws and Darwin's theory of evolution.
~1900-1906	J.B.S. states: “At the age of eight or so I was allowed to take down numbers which I called out when reading the burette of a gas-analysis apparatus and later to calculate from these numbers the amounts of various gases in a sample. After this I was promoted to making up . simple mixtures for his use and, still later, to cleaning apparatus.”
~1901	At age 8 years, J.B.S. accompanies his father to attend a lecture by the British experimental geneticist, Arthur Dukinfield Darbishire (1879–1915), reportedly on Mendel’s laws of inheritance, but possibly also on an opposing view of heredity, given Darbishire’s years of work attempting to reconcile the two views, the biometric and Mendelian views.

TIMETABLE OF EVENTS PERTINENT TO THE LIFE, WORK AND TIMES OF J. B. S. HALDANE (referred in this chronology as J.B.S.)

Year(s) Event 1837-1901 The Victorian Age: Reign of Victoria, Queen of England and Ireland. 1892 John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (J. B. S. Haldane) born, month-day, Oxford, England ~1894 J.B.S. states: “I suppose my scientific career began at the age of about two, when I used to play on the floor of his laboratory and watch him playing a complicated game called "experiments"-the rules I did not understand, but he clearly enjoyed it.” 1896 Sister Naomi born; later known as Lady Mitchison 1900 Rediscovery of Gregor Mendel’s Laws of Heredity by Carl Correns, Erik von Tschermak, and Hugo de Vries ~1900-1906 J.B.S. states: “At the age of eight or so I was allowed to take down numbers which I called out when reading the burette of a gas-analysis apparatus and later to calculate from these numbers the amounts of various gases in a sample. After this I was promoted to making up . simple mixtures for his use and, still later, to cleaning apparatus.” ~1901 At age 8 years, J.B.S. accompanies his father to attend a lecture by the British experimental geneticist, Arthur Dukinfield Darbishire (1879–1915), reportedly on Mendel’s laws of inheritance, but possibly also on an opposing view of heredity, given Darbishire’s years of work attempting to reconcile the two views, the biometric and Mendelian views. ~1904+ J.B.S. states: “After I was twelve, he discussed with me all his research before publication, and sometimes tried out a lecture course on me before delivering it to students.” .” 1912 J.B.S.’s first scientific paper published, on human respiratory physiology, co-authored with his father J.S. Haldane and his father’s collaborator, C.G. Douglas. Year(s) Event 1837-1901 The Victorian Age: Reign of Victoria, Queen of England and Ireland. 1892 John Burdon Sanderson Haldane born, month-day, Oxford, England 1896 Sister Naomi born; later known as Lady Mitchison 1900 Rediscovery of Gregor Mendel’s Laws of Heredity by…. new table Shell # Subshell Number No. of Orbitals Orbital Type Orbital Label 1 0 1 1s s 2 0 1 1 3 2s 2p s px, py, p 3 0 1 2 1 3 5 3s 3p 3d s px, py, p dxy, dxy, dyz, dx2-y2, dz2 4 0 1 2 3 1 3 5 7 4s 4p 4d 4f s px, py, p dxy, dxy, dyz, dx2-y2, dz2 See f orbitals here table Shell # Subshell Number No. of Orbitals Orbital Designation 1 0 1 1s 2 0 1 1 3 2s 2p 3 0 1 2 1 3 5 3s 3p 3d 4 0 1 2 3 1 3 5 7 4s 4p 4d 4f References Citations and Notes