Buddhism in Bhutan

It is believed that Buddhism was introduced to Bhutan in the late 8th century CE by Guru Padmasambhava (also known as Padmakara or Padma Raja; and earlier as Saroruha Vajra or simply Saroruha), a monk from the Swat Valley, (now in Pakistan). In Bhutan and Tibet, Guru Padmasambhava is also known as Guru Rinpoche ("Precious Master"), and followers of the Nyingma school regard him as the second Buddha.

Bhutan is a country of Shabdrung, a follower of Buddhism. Buddhism flourished in Bhutan before Shabdrung, the religion had its stronghold from his time when he unified the country in the early 17th century. Folk tales remark that the country was under Buddhist influence for many centuries before, and retained its Culture and Religion identity for longer period. “There were several reasons why Bhutan has been able to retain its cultural identity while neighbouring areas to the south and north have been undergoing profound and fundamental changes”.

In a historical context, the diversity and heterogeneity that have characterised the society of South Asia and the essential tolerance of Hinduism to cultural diversity have had a considerable influence on Bhutanese society.

Along with Buddhism, other religions have also played a significant role. Hinduism and Buddhism have distinct border though nowadays have interliving between them. Mostly, Buddhists are found in the north and Hindus in the south of the country. Being a Buddhist country, it has close relation with Japan, Nepal, China, India and other Buddhist countries. After 1960, some Christian families are also seen in the country. Father William Machea (entitled as Brother of Bhutan) is the source person on the popularation of Christianity in Bhutan. But then also, Christianity was not allowed to preach openly in the country. The Government had restricted the preaching of religions other than Hinduism and Buddhism. A glimpse of such is produced below:

Persecution of Christianity in Bhutan

The people’s representative of Chirang Dzongkhag requested the National Assembly to ban Christianity in Bhutan and the people already converted to be stopped from practicing the religion. They said that Christianity was spreading in Chirang and becoming a serious problem. Bhutan being a small country should not have too many religions. Buddhism and Hinduism, which were the two recognised religions of the country were brother religions. The introduction of other religion would create serious problems. Already family strife’s were taking place due to differences of religious beliefs among family members. The people’s representatives said that they had heard that many emigrant who has left Bhutan and gone to the camps in Jhapa, Nepal were being converted to Christianity with incentive of Rs. 500/- and assurances of further rewards. Words were being spread in Chirang that potential emigrants should convert to Christianity so that it would be convenient for them when they arrive in Jhapa.

The people’s representatives from Kalikhola stated that as per the resolution of earlier sessions of the National Assembly, Buddhism and Hinduism were only the two recognised religions of Bhutan. However, as the government had not taken any note of the situations, Christianity was spreading along the border areas and creating serious social problems.

The Samdrupjongkhar ‘chhimi’ pointed out that as Buddhism and Hinduism were only the two recognised religions in the country, allowing other religions would result in serious problems for the country. For the benefit of the future generations, he requested the National Assembly to pass a resolution that no other religions would be allowed in Bhutan.

Several people’s representatives state that countries all over the world had their own different religions, customs and laws. Bhutan too, should allow and uphold only those religions that have traditionally been recognised. If proselytising of other religions were allowed it would cause sectarian friction, which would lead to serious social problems.

The Home Minister pointed out that the practice of religion other than the only already recognised had been discussed several times in previous sessions of the National Assembly. During the 30th session of the National Assembly in 1969, it had been resolved that no religions other than the one already recognised would be allowed in the country. Also, as per the Article 16 of the 51st session of the National Assembly, while all other religions would be practiced privately no proselytising would be allowed. He, therefore, recommended that the house should direct the Dzongkhag Yargye Tshongchhungs (DYT) to decide on the matter as per the Thrimshung Chenpo and the resolutions of the previous sessions of the National Assembly.

The representative of the Dratshang Lhentshog pointed out that all religions were good and existed for the benefit of sentiment beings. The problem in the world that has been related to the religion did not arise from the religions themselves but were caused by the shortcoming of the practitioners. He therefore, proposed that, as recommended by the Home Minister, the existing laws and Assembly resolutions should form the basis for all steps taken to ensure that no sectarian problem arise in country.

Other people’s representatives pointed out that if proselytising of different religions were allowed in a small country like Bhutan, it would create disharmony and may even harm the security and sovereignty of the country due to misunderstanding over religion with big countries. Buddhism and Hinduism were two brother religions in harmony with each other. The practice of different religions in the country would create disharmony and problems would arise as pointed out by the Lhotshampa Chimis.

The Dagapela Chimi pointed out that although Buddhism and Hinduism had the same origin, because there were different in practice quite a few difficulties did arise at times. But the Christianity being totally different from these two religions. The problem which had already started to arise in Chirang because of the spread of Christianity would disturb social harmony throughout the country if no timely steps were taken. He therefore proposed that the resolution taken during the 51st session of the National Assembly on the practice of different religions must be strictly implemented.

The Chirang Dzongda said that the DYT had received reports that there were many Christian trying to convert people to Christianity. This had resulted frequent problems between Christian and Hindus in the Dzongkhag. The Dzongda reported that, Bibles printed in Nepali were being sent from Thimphu and distributed to the people. Accordingly, the DYT had decided to request the National Assembly to ban Christianity. His Majesty informed the Assembly that the issue of allowing different religions in the country had been thoroughly discussed during the 30th session of the National Assembly in 1969, and also during the 51st session in 1979. The issue was also clearly covered by the Thrimshung. If these resolutions and laws were followed, the issue could be taken up by the DYT and there would be no need for the assembly to promulgate any new law. The Assembly resolved that copies of resolutions of the previous sessions of the National Assembly and the clauses of the Thrimshung pertaining to religion would be distributed to the chimis. The matter should therefore be taken up in the concerned DYTs and dealt with accordingly.

If Bhutan’s religious history is to be traced back, the first religion flourished in the country was Bonism led by Lhase Shangma. But as the leader himself was exiled, the religion could not exist and set its footholds.

The existence of Bonism ended in 1222 when Phajo Drugom Shigpo entered Bhutan. During the course of time, Bhutan was being stucked by Geluckpas and many other religious sects. When the Geluckpa drove other sect of Buddhism from Tibet, they entered Bhutan. This became the source that Bhutan pertains its distinct cultural heritage. Most of the primitive rules followed in Tibet were reformed and a new form of Buddhism flourished in Bhutan, though its principles didn’t change. Buddhism flourished in the 3rd century, when Ashoka sent his followers including his own son Mahendra to preach Buddhism in neighbouring countries.

The other record indicates that the Buddhism was firstly preached by Lam Gyalwa Lhanangpa in the 12th century. Thinley Rabyang is other Lam who stretched his hands in preaching Buddhism in about 1522, in Bhutan, though he could not attain much success.

Buddhism was effectively flourished in Bhutan from the time of Guru Rinpochhe. Preaching of Guru Rinpochhe is the greatest in the Buddhist history of Bhutan. He is favoured fellow to preach of Buddhism in the Himalayan land-sheds. Some leaders had entered Bhutan as exiled or ordered by their elders. Instead, Guru Rinpochhe was invited officially by the Bhutanese in the initiation of the Bumthang king, Sendya Gyab in 784 CE.

This way Buddhuism was finally recognised in Bhutan. Though many sects cursed it, its supremacy never detained. A boy could become a novice monk between the age of five and ten. If found acceptable, the child was invested with a red cloak and a piece of cloth placed round his neck; and thereafter he no longer belonged to his parents. The gelongs fed him, taught him to pray and read holy books. He had to renounce all connection with women and with any form of cultivation but could engage in trade or serve the government. The gelongs were obliged to perform religious worship in public to read holy books for private individuals and to burn the dead. The gelongs are abstained from fish or flesh on 8th , 14th and 30th of each month and were for bidden to take wine, although some drank in secret. (Peter Collister - Bhutan and the British, page 46/7)

Preaching of Buddhism

Drukpa Kagyukpa is the state religion of the country. “The advent of Buddhism into Mon Yul in early seventh century A.D not only brought about a religious transformation of the people but also set a process of historical evolution of the country.

When in first century China was under Buddhist influence, Tibet was a pagan country. However, when in the 7th century (before Tibet was influenced by Bonism doctrine), the Tibetan King Tshrongtshen Gampo (624-49 CE) was married with Chinese and Nepalese princesses, both Buddhist, its doctrine changed the spiritual and religious structure of Tibetan community. Those two queens ordered the construction of 108 monasteries in Nepal, Tibet, Sikkim, China and Bhutan. Kichu monastery of Paro and Jampe Lhakhang of Bumthang are the two located in Bhutan. In this way Buddhism was firstly introduced in Bhutan in the 7th century CE but did not come in concrete existence as in China and Tibet.

Later on many Buddhist leaders entered Bhutan for preaching Buddhism from Tibet and other neighboring countries. Though in earlier it was reluctantly dominated, it created a firm existence as state religion and now respected by all Bhutanese.

Ral Pachelan was the king of Tibet between 816 and 836 CE. His follower Lam Shangpa Gyarey entered Bhutan preaching Buddhism in 830. Buddhism was further strengthened by brother of Tibetan king Lang Dharma (836-842). His effort lasted for six years and was assassinated by a Buddhist monk Pal Dorji in 842 CE.

After the clash of Nabudara and Sendya Gyab in Bumthang, 12 monastries including Takshang monastery, Bumthang Kurje, Damar monastery, and Paro Chhumphu monastery were built in Bhutan.

During the time Tshrongtshen Gampo of Tibet, Buddhism flourished in South Asia. In this period, 108 monastries were bulit under the active leadership of Nepalese princess, Bhrikuti, in Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Tibet, China and other neighbouring places.

Buddhism was divided into two sects as Hinayana and Manayana during the Fourth Great Buddhist Council [FGBC] meeting at Jalandhara {date not mentioned}. Since the people from Hinayana {Theravada} had not attended there, the sect was declared as the lesser vehicle and the Mahayana as the greater vehicle. But after the time of Garapsel, Atisa and Rinchhen of Tibet divided Buddhism into three sects as Nyingmapa {old sect}, Kadampa {reformed sect}, and Sakyapa. Kadampa existed in Tibet till Gelukpa {Yellow Hat Sect} dominated the country. Nyingmapas were exiled to Bhutan, Sikkim and Tibet during the 14th century.

Tibetan sages and lamas had stretched hands in preaching Buddhism in Bhutan whose activities are discussed below. During their preaching they were attacked from neighbouring countries and from within the country. Among the attackers, Gelukpas of Tibet and Lam Kha Nga from within Bhutan were the main. It happened such that Buddhism never ended though cursed by many feudal lords and sectorial religion.

Buddhist leaders

Guru Rinpochhe

Earlier Bhutan was divided into small states ruled by individual feudal lords fighting each other from time to time. Amongst these principalities, Bumthang was one. It was being governed by feudal king named Sendya Gyab. Saying his forefather’s kingdom, Nabudara {Nauchhe} of southern Duar attacked the kingdom of Sendya Gyab. During war around an iron castle, the son of Sendya Gyab, Taglamebar was said to have been killed. This loss brought in Sendya unsatisfaction. He ordered the destruction of all temple and idols. This itching made him seriously ill. When no sign of recovery was seen, messengers were sent to Maratika, Nepal {some say India} with cupful of gold dust. Thus Guru Rinpochhe was invited to Bhutan. He subdued, as Bhutanese records speak, the feudal deities and preached Buddhism reconstructing temples and monasteries. Then Sendya Gyab and his citizens were made the followers of Buddhism, the Nyinmagpa sect. So ‘he is regarded as the second Buddha’.3

Phajo Drugam Shigpo [1184-1251]

The other distinct Tibetan Lama who came to preach Buddhism in Bhutan was Phajo Drugom Shigpo. He came from Kham, eastern Tibet. He was instructed to preach Buddhisn in Bhutan by Sangye Oendrey, founder of Drukpa School in Tibet. Phajo was educated in Ralung. He entered Bhutan in 1222 AD. Namthars indicate that he had lot of visions of Guru Rinpochhe and was instructed by him as well. With Sonam Palden, he preached Buddhism in Bhutan mostly in northern part. He made the religion recognised in the country and brought the Bhutanese under unity and friendliness.

Kuenga Sengye [1314-1347]

Among the Abbots of Ralung, the seventh Abbot Kuenga Sengye was the first to come to Bhutan. He was said to be invited by great grandson of Phajo Drugom Shigpo. On his visit to Dechenphug in Thimphu valley, it is said that he had subdued the local deity Genyen Jagpa Melan, making him the protector of Buddhist faith. Now the statue of Jagpa can be seen in Dechenphug, regal looking, riding a red horse and holding a sword.

Drukpa Kuenley [1455-1525]

A favourite Drukpa Lam of Bhutan is Drukpa Kuenley, elder cousin of Ngawang Chhoegyal. His preaching in humour and compassion started in Bhutan by 1490. He was a special form of holiness, which has been called ‘crazy wisdom’ or “devine madness”. He is said to be against the monasteries as the priests were in habit of asking everything from the people and the teaching was in slow process. He was with people teaching them through humour, poetry, song, love and dance and in the ways quoted in Namthars. Historians stressed, his teachings tried to show that the spiritual life of a person is tied and bound to his real and everyday life and that through all the different experiences, a person can achieve full enlightenment. Thus his teachings were direct to preach and made lot of people his followers in short period of time.

Ngawang Chhoegyal [1465-1540]

This Abbot of Ralung visited first in 1497 though he visited Bhutan many times. On his visits, he was accompanied by two of his sons and helped him in the construction of temples and monasteries mostly in western Bhutan such as Druk Chhoeding in Paro, Pangri Zampa and Hongtsho in Thimphu and Chhimey Lhakhang in Punakha. His son Ngagi Wangchuk constructed the first Trongsa, Jakar and Lhuntshi Dzongs. All these lamas preach the Drukpa Kagyugpa sect. Amongst the lamas of other sects, Nyingmapas were successful in establishing their influence in Bhutan.

Longchhen Rabjam Drimey Oezer [1308-1363]

Of the Tibetan lamas, most famous and respected Nyingmapa lama, Oezer was one. He was regarded as the Buddhist Scholar. He spent about ten years in Bhutan preaching Nyingmapa Buddhism. On his preaching process, he built a number of temples and monasteries including Tharpaling and Ugyen Chhoeling in Bumthang and Kuenzangling in Kurtoe. He strengthened the Nyingmapa in Bhutan, which was being dominated before.

Pema Lingpa [1450-1521]

The Bhutanese saint who further strengthened the Nyingmapa sect was Pema Lingpa. He was born in Chelwa Rithrang of Tang valley of Bumthang in Iron Horse year. As he had discovered many Ters {treasures} hidden by Guru Rinpocche, he was popularly known as Terton Pema Lingpa. Among his discoveries here is one produced:

Mebartsho lake is said to be in dense forest of Bumthang. There Guru Padmasambhawa (Lotus-born) had buried a casket and prophesied that it will be discovered by a predestined person in future at proper time. Pema Lingpa discovered the treasure.

He preached the Buddhist faith as was instructed in the Spiritual Wisdom. Now his fame as Terton (treasure discoverer) spread not only in Bhutan but also in Tibet. Today his text and secret dances, commissional art etc. are all important cultural treasure of the country. And the Rpyal family of the country is regarded to be the descendents of Pema Lingpa.

These lamas including their many other followers who accompanied them during their visit to Bhutan, have strengthened religious structure but but were not able to establish a fixed and bound administration under one power. Weaknesses of those lamas were that they were not able to establish a concrete network of centralised administration, but it is their toil that Buddhism exists today as the royal cult of Bhutan. Bhutanese Buddhist deities had their counterparts in the Hindu Pantheon. KK Bose saw many similarities between the two religions. Both worshiped the images of deities, counted beads at prayers and offered clarified butter to the gods by throwing it into fire. (Peter Collister - Bhutan and the British, page47) Buddhist ceremonial were a curious compound of Romish, Buddhist and Hindu worship. (Peter Collister - Bhutan and the British, page 66)