Aminostatic hypothesis

All unapproved Citizendium articles may contain errors of fact, bias, grammar etc. A version of an article is unapproved unless it is marked as citable with a dedicated green template at the top of the page, as in this version of the 'Biology' article. Citable articles are intended to be of reasonably high quality. The participants in the Citizendium project make no representations about the reliability of Citizendium articles or, generally, their suitability for any purpose. This article is currently being developed as part of an Eduzendium student project in the framework of a course entitled Appetite and Obesity at Edinburgh University. The course homepage can be found at CZ:UoE Appetite and Obesity 2011. For the course duration, the article is closed to outside editing. Of course you can always leave comments on the discussion page. The anticipated date of course completion is 01 April 2012. One month after that date at the latest, this notice shall be removed. Besides, many other Citizendium articles welcome your collaboration!

In 1956, Mellinkoff proposed the aminostatic hypothesis, stimulated by the observation that when normal individuals ingest protein, appetite diminishes as the serum amino acid concentration rises and vice versa. He believed this was due to a satiety centre in the brain, sensitive to serum amino acids levels, that caused a suppression of hunger once the serum levels reached a certain point.

Experimental Evidence

-experimental evidence has agreed with the aminostatic hypothesis -they have found that high protein diets act on satiety and thermogenesis

Science behind the theory

© Image: Ashleigh Fraser
Indirect Pathways.

Experimental evidence agrees with the aminostatic hypothesis that increased amino acid levels in the serum cause a decrease in food intake. Neural pathways which cause an increase in anorexigenic effects and a decrease in orexigenic effects after protein is ingested can explain the satiety found in patients during studies involving high protein diets.

Amino acids obtained from the diet generate post-prandial signals which affect food intake as well as gastric motility and pancreatic secretion. These signals activate specific brain areas in one of two ways:

1) Indirectly though vagus-mediated pathways
2) Directly after their release into the peripheral blood
(The indirect and direct pathways are summarised in the figures.)

In indirect signalling pathways the dietary protein and amino acids present in the small intestine act on chemoreceptors on the mucosal enteroendocrine cells to cause the release of several hormones. Cholecystokinin acts on low affinity receptors on the vagus nerve which project to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the caudal brainstem to give anorexigenic effects. Peptide YY acts in two different ways through targets in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. It activates the mammalian target of rapamycin to increase α-MSH which increases anorexigenic effects at the same time as suppressing AMPK phosphorylation to decrease neuropeptide Y and agouti related peptide and cause a decrease in orexigenic effects.

The direct signalling pathway involves the activation of arcuate nucleus satiety pathways by dietary protein and amino acids. This activation causes the upregulation of melanocortin α-MSH to increase anorexigenic effects and a downregulation of neuropeptide Y to decrease orexigenic effects.

Ashleigh Fraser 16:16, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

© Image: Ashleigh Fraser
Direct Pathway.

Use as a method of weight loss

Obesity is everywhere. Around 33% of American adults and 17% of children are obese (A). In the UK, the statistics are not looking much brighter with 25% of adults and 10% of children showing signs of obesity. It has been proposed in the UK that 60% of men, 50% of women and 25% of children will become obese by 2050 if no preventative measures are taken (B).

Limitations

-are there any downsides to a high protein diet?

-appetite is a feeling so different participants in experiments may report it differently and so results may not be completely accurateAshleigh Fraser 15:34, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

• Consequent effects on renal function. Usually low carb diet is needed along with HP diet to gain full beneficial effects (subjects more satisfied).

Conclusion

• Future studies, maybe more into long term effects of diet. Any drugs that may interact with pathways? Lisa Robertson 15:44, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

References

(A)Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). U.S Obesity Trends. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/trends.html. Last accessed 25th Oct 2011.

(B)Department of Health. (2011). Obesity. Available: http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/Obesity/index.htm. Last accessed 25th Oct 2011.