Inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation

The inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation is an important elliptic partial differential equation arising in acoustics and electromagnetism. It models time-harmonic wave propagation in free space due to a localized source.

More specifically, the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation is the equation

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \nabla^2 u + k^2 u = -f \mbox { in } \mathbb R^n}

where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \nabla^2} is the Laplace operator, $k>0$ is a constant, called the wavenumber, $u:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {C}$ is the unknown solution, $f:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {C}$ is a given function with compact support, and $n=1,2,3$ (theoretically, $n$ can be any positive integer, but since $n$ stands for the dimension of the space in which the waves propagate, only the cases with $1\leq n\leq 3$ are physical).

Derivation from the wave equation

Wave propagation in free space due to a source is modeled by the wave equation

${\frac {\partial ^{2}U}{\partial t^{2}}}-c^{2}\nabla ^{2}U=F$

where $U=U(x,t)$ and $F=F(x,t)$ are real-valued functions of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle n} spatial variables, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x=(x_1, x_2, \dots, x_n),} and one time variable, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle t.} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F} is given, the source of waves, and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle U} is the unknown wave function.

By taking the Fourier transform of this equation in the time variable, or equivalently, by looking for time-harmonic solutions of the form

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle U(x, t) = e^{i\omega t}u(x)\,}

with

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F(x, t) = e^{i\omega t}f(x)\, }

(where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle i=\sqrt{-1}} and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \omega} is a real number), the wave equation is reduced to the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation with Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k^2=\omega^2/c^2.}

Solution of the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation

In order to solve the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation uniquely, one needs to specify a boundary condition at infinity, which is typically the Sommerfeld radiation condition

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \lim_{r \to \infty} r^{\frac{n-1}{2}} \left( \frac{\partial}{\partial r} - ik \right) u(r \hat {x}) = 0}

uniformly in Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \hat {x}} with Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle |\hat {x}|=1} , where the vertical bars denote the Euclidean norm. Physically, this states that energy travels from the source away to infinity, and not the other way around.

With this condition, the solution to the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation is the convolution

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle u(x)=(G*f)(x)=\int\limits_{\mathbb R^n}\! G(x-y)f(y)\,dy}

(notice this integral is actually over a finite region, since Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f} has compact support). Here, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G} is the Green's function of this equation, that is, the solution to the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation with Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f} equaling the Dirac delta function, so Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G} satisfies

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \nabla^2 G + k^2 G = -\delta \mbox { in } \mathbb R^n.}

The expression for the Green's function depends on the dimension of the space. One has

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G(x) = \frac{ie^{ik|x|}}{2k}}

for Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle n=1,}

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G(x) = \frac{i}{4}H^{(1)}_0(k|x|)}

for Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle n=2} , where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H^{(1)}_0} is a Hankel function, and

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G(x) = \frac{e^{ik|x|}}{4\pi |x|}}

for Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle n=3.}

References

• Howe, M. S. (1998). Acoustics of fluid-structure interactions. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-63320-6.
• A. Sommerfeld, Partial Differential Equations in Physics, Academic Press, New York, New York, 1949.

External links

• Solution of the inhomogeneous wave equation