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| {{Image|SR-71 over mtns.jpg|right|300px| SR-71B loaned from the U.S. Air Force for use in high-speed, high-altitude research at the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, California.}} | | {{:{{FeaturedArticleTitle}}}} |
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| The '''[[Lockheed SR-71]]''' (known unofficially as the '''Blackbird''', and by its crews as the '''Habu''' or the '''sled''') was an advanced, long-range, Mach 3 strategic reconnaissance aircraft developed from the Lockheed YF-12A and A-12 aircraft by the Lockheed Skunk Works. The SR-71 line was in service from 1964 to 1998, and it was the world's fastest and highest-flying operational manned aircraft throughout that entire period, an unparalleled achievement in aviation history. The aircraft flew so fast and so high that if the crew detected a surface-to-air missile launch, the standard evasive action was simply to accelerate. Thirteen aircraft are known to have been lost, all from non-combat related reasons.
| | ==Footnotes== |
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| | {{reflist|2}} |
| The SR-71 included many novel and advanced technologies in order to achieve that performance; in particular, due to extensive frictional heating from its high speed, almost everything in the aircraft had to be specially produced; the airframe was built almost entirely of titanium, as operating temperatures were too high for aluminum. It was also one of the first aircraft to be have been built with a reduced radar cross section; however, the aircraft was not completely stealthy, and still had a fairly large radar signature. The chief designer, Kelly Johnson, was the man behind many of its advanced concepts. After his retirement, Ben Rich ran the program.
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| ====History====
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| While the U-2 Dragon Lady reconnaissance aircraft produced immense value when it began to overfly the Soviet Union in 1956, it was accepted that this subsonic, nonstealthy aircraft eventually would be vulnerable to the Soviet air defense network. Indeed, one was shot down in May 1960, ending manned reconnaissance overflights of the Russian landmass. Overhead reconnaissance of the Soviet Union was taken over by satellites, but the SR-71 was already in development.
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| =====Predecessor models=====
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| The A-12 Oxcart, designed for the CIA by Kelly Johnson at the Lockheed Skunk Works, was the precursor of the SR-71. Lockheed used the name "Archangel" for this design, but many documents use Johnson's preferred name for the plane, "the Article." As the design evolved, the internal Lockheed designation went from A-1 to A-12 as configuration changes occurred, such as substantial design changes to reduce the radar cross-section. The first flight took place at Groom Lake, Nevada, on April 25, 1962. It was 'Article 121,' an A-12, but it was equipped with less powerful Pratt & Whitney J75s due to protracted development of the intended Pratt & Whitney J58. The J58s were retrofitted as they became available. The J58s became the standard power plant for all subsequent aircraft in the series (A-12, YF-12, MD-21) as well as the follow-on SR-71 aircraft. Eighteen A-12 aircraft were built in four variations, of which three were YF-12As, prototypes of the planned F-12B interceptor version, and two were the M-21 variant (see below).
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| The Air Force reconnaissance version was originally called the R-12 (see the opening fly page in Paul Crickmore's book ''SR-71, Secret Missions Exposed'', which contains a copy of the original R-12 labeled plan view drawing of the vehicle). However, during the 1964 presidential campaign, Senator Barry Goldwater continually criticized President Lyndon B. Johnson and his administration for falling behind the Soviet Union in the research and development of new weapon systems. Johnson decided to counter this criticism with the public release of the highly classified A-12 program and later the existence of the reconnaissance version.
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| ===== Name and designation =====
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| The USAF had planned to redesignate the A-12 aircraft as the B-71 as the successor to the B-70 Valkyrie, whichhad two test Valkyries flying at Edwards Air Force Base, California. The B-71 would have a nuclear capability of 3 first-generation SRAM's (Short-Range Attack Missiles). The next designation was RS-71 (Reconnaissance-Strike) when the strike capability became an option. However, then USAF Chief of Staff Curtis LeMay preferred the SR designation and wanted the RS-71 to be named SR-71. Before the Blackbird was to be announced by President Johnson on February 29, 1964, LeMay lobbied to modify Johnson's speech to read SR-71 instead of RS-71. The media transcript given to the press at the time still had the earlier RS-71 designation in places, creating the myth that the president had misread the plane's designation.
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| ''[[Lockheed SR-71|.... (read more)]]''
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Latest revision as of 09:19, 11 September 2020
Paramhansa Yogananda circa 1920.
Paramhansa Yogananda (5 Jan 1893–7 Mar 1952) was one of the first Indian teachers from the Hindu spiritual tradition to reside permanently in the West, and in particular, he was the first to teach yoga to Americans. He emphasized the universality of the great religions, and ceaselessly taught that all religions, especially Hinduism and Christianity, were essentially the same in their essence. The primary message of Yogananda was to practice the scientific technique of kriya yoga to be released from all human suffering.
He emigrated from India to the United States in 1920 and eventually founded the Self-Realization Fellowship there in Los Angeles, California. He published his own life story in a book called Autobiography of a Yogi, first published in 1946. In the book, Yogananda provided some details of his personal life, an introduction to yoga, meditation, and philosophy, and accounts of his world travels and encounters with a wide variety of saints and colorful personalities, including Therese Neumann, Mohandas K. Gandhi, Luther Burbank, and Jagadis C. Bose.
Paramhamsa, also spelled Paramahamsa, is a Sanskrit title used for Hindu spiritual teachers who have become enlightened. The title of Paramhansa originates from the legend of the swan. The swan (hansa) is said to have a mythical ability to sip only the milk from a water-and-milk mixture, separating out the more watery part. The spiritual master is likewise said to be able to live in a world like a supreme (param) swan, and only see the divine, instead of all the evil mixed in there too, which the worldly person sees.
Yogananda is considered by his followers and many religious scholars to be a modern avatar.
In 1946, Yogananda published his Autobiography of a Yogi. It has since been translated into 45 languages, and in 1999 was designated one of the "100 Most Important Spiritual Books of the 20th Century" by a panel of spiritual authors convened by Philip Zaleski and HarperCollins publishers.
Awake: The Life of Yogananda is a 2014 documentary about Paramhansa Yogananda, in English with subtitles in seventeen languages. The documentary includes commentary by George Harrison and Ravi Shankar, among others.[1][2]
