O (letter): Difference between revisions

From Citizendium
Jump to navigation Jump to search
imported>Ro Thorpe
No edit summary
mNo edit summary
 
(180 intermediate revisions by 6 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{subpages}}
{{subpages}}{{TOC|right}}
'''O, o''' is a letter of the [[Latin alphabet]]. It is the fifteenth letter of most variants, being placed after [[N (letter)|N]] and before [[P (letter)|P]], as is the case for instance in the [[English alphabet]]. Its English name is pronounced [ˈəʊ] or [ˈoʊ], like the exclamation ''oh!''


'''O''' is the 15th letter of the [[English alphabet]].  Its name is pronounced like the exclamation ''oh!''
==Use in English==
==Use in English==
O represents various (usually) back vowel sounds.  It is very versatile, with three irregular sounds, move (oô) wolf (ù) and women (í: the accents show stress and pronunciation: see [[English phonemes]]).
{{:English_spellings/Catalogs/Masterlist}}
'''o''' represents various (usually) back vowel sounds.  It is very versatile, with three irregular sounds, '''move''' ('''oô'''), '''wolf''' ('''ù''') and '''women''' ('''í''').  


But normally:
{{:English spellings/Accents}}


The short sound: dóg, sóft, góne, sóng, lóng, alóng, cróss, lóst, hóp, dóck, ród, nód, sóft, nót negative = knót tie, dóll, knóll (cf. pôll, tôll).
The short sound: '''ódd, óff, ón, dóg, sóft, góne, sóng, lóng, alóng, cróss, lóst, hóp, dóck, ród, nód, sóft, nót''' ''negative'' = '''knót''' ''tie'', '''dóll, knóll''' (cf. '''pôll, tôll''').


The long sound, a diphthong which approximates to schwa followed by ù: bôat, flôat, hôpe, strôve, thôugh, nôse, gôes, gô, nô, lôw, knôw, grôw, thrôw, ôcean, BrE brôoch, prôven (or proven, û, like prove, move) phãrôah Egypt = Fãrôe Islands ôpen, sôap,  
The long sound corresponds to the word '''ôh''' (in which the '''h''' is silent), a diphthong which approximates to [[schwa]] followed by the sound of '''ù'''/'''oò''': '''óver, ônly, bôat, flôat, hôpe, strôve, thôugh, nôse, gôes, gô, nô, lôw, knôw, grôw, thrôw, ôcean, prôven''' (though this can be pronounced *prûven, with the same sound as in '''prove''' and '''move'''), '''phãrôah''' ''Egypt'' = '''Fãrôe''' ''Islands'', '''ôpen, sôap''', unmarked and unstressed in '''cháperôn''' (sh-), BrE '''brôoch'''. Compare '''Hólland''' and '''Pôland'''.
Before l for some BrE and antipodean speakers the long sound is more like ó plus ù: Pôland, sôul spirit = sôle only, fish, strôll, tôll (cf. dóll), bôwl (cf. hòwl).  Compare the two ôs in Rôlling Stônes.
Only the long sound can end a word: tornâdô, Plâtô, lîdô, agô.


ò is exactly like ú in sún (before gh, m, n, th, v especially): òther, mòther, bròther, wòrry, wònder, hòney, mòney, frònt, gòvern, òven, còver, lòver, shòvel, dòzen, nòthing, còlour hue (cf. cóllar shirt).  It is a very common mistake for learners to pronounce this ò like the ó in óff.
Compare '''Jóhn''' and '''Jôan''': it is the latter that has the '''ôh''' sound.
 
Before '''l''' for some BrE and [[Commonwealth English|antipodean]] speakers the long sound is more like '''ó''' plus '''ù''' in words like '''sôul''' ''spirit'' = '''sôle''' ''only, fish'', '''Pôland, strôll, tôll''' (cf. '''dóll'''), '''bôwl''' (cf. '''hòwl''').  Compare the two '''ô'''s in '''Rôlling Stônes'''.
Only the long sound can end a word: '''tornâdô, Plâtô, lîdô, agô'''.
 
'''ò''' is pronounced like '''ú''' in '''sún''', and occurs in the common words '''còme''' and '''dòne'''.  It often comes before '''m, n, gh, th''' and '''v''': '''òther, còmpany, gòvern''' (*úther, *cúmpany, *gúvern), '''mòther, bròther, wòrry, wònder, hòney, mòney, amòng, îronmònger, frònt, Lòndon, òven, còver,  cònstable, lòver, shòvel, dòzen, nòthing''', BrE '''còlour''', AmE '''còlor''' ''hue'' (cf. '''cóllar''' ''shirt'').  It is a very common mistake for learners to pronounce '''ò''' like the '''ó''' in '''óff''', regardless of '''mòther tòngue''' (*múther *túng), in words like '''gòvernment''', '''còúntry''', and '''Colòmbia''' ''Bogotá'' (= '''Colúmbia''' ''CBS'', ''Canada'').
 
The sound is a stressed [[schwa]] in [[American English]] ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] [ə]), and [ʌ] in [[British English]].
   
   
ú is more common in monosyllables than ò: sóck, sôak, súck; cót, côat, cút.
'''ú''' is more common in monosyllables than '''ò''': '''sóck, sôak, súck; cót, côat, cút'''.
When ò does occur in monosyllables, there is one typical pattern: lòve, abòve, glòve, dòve, shòve, and also tòn, òne (*wún), dòes, dòth.
 
When '''ò''' does occur in monosyllables, there is a typical pattern with '''v''': '''lòve, abòve, glòve, dòve, shòve'''; and also '''tòn, òne''' ''1'' = '''wòn''' ''victor'' (*wún), '''dòes, dòth'''.
 
'''ò''' often combines with '''ú''', rendering itself redundant, as in '''yoúng, noúrish, floúrish, Doúglas, roúgh, coúple, doúble, troúble''' (cf. '''búbble'''), '''coúntry, coúntryside, soúthern''' (cf. '''sòuth''').
 
That is different from the '''còw''' diphthong sound in '''còunt''' ''number'', '''còunty''' ''district'', '''vòw, clòud, òut, vòwel, tòwer, dòubt, òwl, fòwl''' ''bird'' = '''fòul''' ''horrible'', '''tòwel, dròught, sòuth, cròwd, sòund, nòw, hòwl''' (cf. '''bôwl''') and before ('''e''')r: '''pòwer, tòwer, glòur, dòwry, flòwer''' ''plant'' = (for most speakers) '''flòur''' ''dough''.
 
'''òu''' is in final position only in '''thòu''' (dh-).  There is also '''oû''': '''yoû, coûp''' ''revolution'' (= '''coô''' ''bird''), '''soûp''' ('''p''' pronounced) and '''ou''' as '''w''' from French as in '''Ouagadoûgou''' (*Wágadûgu) and '''ouìja-bŏard''' (*uwêejəbŏrd).
 
'''ŏ'''<ref>This symbol shows the same sound as '''å''': unfortunately the ring diacritic, as used over the '''a''', is not available over '''o''', so '''ŏ''' has been employed as a substitute.</ref> is very common, usually in '''ŏr''', but also '''ŏur, ŏugh''' and '''ŏa''' (and also spelt '''åu, åw''', etc.): '''ŏr, nŏrth, pŏrt, lŏrd, swŏrd, mŏrning, ŏught, bŏught, sŏught, brŏught, bŏrn, swŏrn, hŏrse, cŏrd''' ''rope'' = '''chŏrd''' ''music'', '''Nŏra, Dŏra, Flŏra''' ''name'' = '''flŏra''' ''flowers'' (cf. '''fåuna'''), '''Pŏrtugal, yŏur, yŏurs, cŏurse, sŏurce, resŏurce, fŏur, gŏurd, mŏurn, abrŏad, brŏad, bŏar, ŏar'''.
 
This sound is still heard sometimes in a "posh" pronunciation of what would normally be an '''ó''': '''gŏne''', '''ŏff''' and '''ŏften''' (*gåwn, etc.) for '''góne''', '''óff''' and '''óften''' (*gónn, etc.).
 
When this sound has stress, -'''ŏre''' is usual at the end of a word: '''deplŏre, swŏre, bŏre, mŏre''' and '''ŏre'''.
 
But: '''abhŏr''', '''fŏur''' ''4'' = '''fŏr''' ''sake'', and '''pŏre''' ''skin'' = '''pŏur''' ''drink'' = '''pŏor''' ''misery'' (though '''poôr''' for many speakers).
 
-'''or''' is, however, usually schwa at the end of a word, -ər, showing an agent (as with
-'''er'''): '''dóctor, tráctor, fáctor, objéctor, léctor, próctor, projéctor''', and the verb '''héctor''', from the name '''Héctor'''.
 
-'''ŏrr''' is found only in names: '''Cŏrr, Ŏrr''' (= '''ŏr''' ''alternative''), '''Andŏrra''', which rhymes with '''Pandŏra''' in AmE - BrE '''Andórra''', cf. '''Dórrit'''.
 
But '''or''' is pronounced with the sound like  a lengthened schwa, of '''ër''' and '''ür''', after '''w''': '''wörd, wörld, wörm, wörth, wörk, wörse, wörst''' - and also in '''attörney'''.  It is a common mistake for learners to pronounce it the same as '''ŏr'''; in fact it is the same sound as in '''ëarth, fïrst, nërvous, türn, chürn, bürn, cërtain''' and '''hürt'''.  The '''ŏ''' sound after '''w''' is in fact spelt '''å''': '''wårn, Wårner, wårm, wåll, wålnút, wåter''' (cf. '''wâfer, wâit, wâve; ẁhat, ẁasp, ẁad''').
 
The '''ër''' sound is spelt '''öur''' in '''jöurney, jöurnal, adjöurn, cöurteous, cöurtesy''' ''politeness'' (cf. '''cürtsey''' ''bow''), '''scöurge, böurbon''' and unstressed in '''Lúxembourg'''.
And, directly from French, '''öeuvre''' (*ërvrə, sometimes written '''''œuvre''''').


o (ò) often combines with ú as in yoúng, noúrish, floúrish, Doúglas, roúgh, coúple, doúble, troúble (cf. búbble), coúntry, coúntryside, soúthern (cf. sòuth).
'''ŏ''' forms diphthongs with '''i''' and '''y''': '''cŏin, bŏy, tŏy, jŏint, jŏin, vŏid, ŏil, fŏil, jŏy, destrŏy, állŏy''', almost always '''y''' at the end of a word and '''i''' in other positions - very often before '''l''' or '''n'''.  But names can ignore this rule: '''Jŏyce, Rôlls Rŏyce, Flŏyd, Bŏyd'''.
That is different from the còw diphthong sound in còunt number còunty district, vòw, clòud, òut, vòwel, tòwer, dòubt, òwl, fòwl bird = fòul horrible, tòwel, dròught, sòuth, cròwd, sòund, nòw, hòwl (cf. bôwl) and before (e)r: pòwer, tòwer, glòur, dòwry, flòwer plant = (for most speakers) flòur dough.
òu is in final position only in thòu (dh-).  There is also oû: yoû, coûp revolution (= coô bird), soûp (p pronounced) and ou as w from French as in Ouagadoûgou (*Wágadûgu) and ouìja-bŏard (*uwêejəbŏrd).


ŏ is very common, spelt usually ŏr, but also ŏur, ŏugh and ŏa (and also spelt åu, åw, etc.).
'''oi''' is weak, [[schwa]], for most speakers in '''pŏrpoise, tŏrtoise'''. In '''cŏyote''', '''oy''' is pronounced as '''eŷe''' in parts of the USA.
ŏr, nŏrth, pŏrt, lŏrd, swŏrd, mŏrning, ŏught, bŏught, sŏught, brŏught, bŏrn, swŏrn, hŏrse, cŏrd rope = chŏrd music, Nŏra, Dŏra, Flŏra = flŏra (cf. fåuna) Pŏrtugal, yŏur, yŏurs, cŏurse, sŏurce, resŏurce, fŏur, gŏurd, mŏurn, abrŏad, brŏad, bŏar, ŏar.
When this sound has stress, -ŏre is usual at the end of a word: deplŏre, swŏre, bŏre, mŏre and ŏre.
But: abhŏr, fŏur 4 = fŏr sake, and pŏre skin = pŏur drink = pŏor misery.
-or is, however, usually schwa at the end of a word, -ər, showing an agent (as with
-er): dóctor, tráctor, fáctor, objéctor, léctor, próctor, projéctor, and the verb héctor from the name Héctor.
-ŏrr is found only in names: Cŏrr, Ŏrr (= ŏr alternative), Andŏrra, which rhymes with Pandŏra in AmE - BrE Andórra, cf. Dórrit.


But or is pronounced with the longer schwa-like sound of ër and ür after w: wörd, wörld, wörm, wörth, wörk, wörse, wörst - and also in attörney.  It is a common mistake for learners to pronounce it the same as ŏr; in fact it is the same sound as in ëarth, fïrst, nërvous, türn, chürn, bürn, cërtain and hürt.  The ŏ sound after w is in fact spelt å: wårn, Wårner, wårm, wåll, wålnút, wåter (cf. wâfer, wâit, wâve; ẁhat, ẁasp, ẁad).
In some words from French, '''oi''' retains the pronunciation '''wà''': '''sávoir fãire''', '''réservoir''', '''ábbatoir''', *sávwà(r)-féə(r), *rézə(r)vwà(r), *ábətwà(r).


The ër sound is spelt öur in jöurney, jöurnal, adjöurn, cöurteous, cöurtesy (cf. cürtsey) scöurge, böurbon and unstressed in Lúxembourg.
==='''oo'''===
And, directly from French, öeuvre (*ërvrə, sometimes written œuvre).
'''oo''' is a special case, with five different pronunciations (without counting accidental clashes of two regular pronunciations such as in '''coóperate''' and '''coŏrdinate''', both with the prefix '''cô'''-, which can be marked with a hyphen: '''co-operâtion'''). It functions like a letter in its own right:


ŏ forms diphthongs with i and y: cŏin, bŏy, tŏy, jŏint, jŏin, vŏid, ŏil, fŏil, jŏy, destrŏy, állŏy, almost always y at the end and i in other positions - very often before l and n.  But names can ignore this rule: Jŏyce, Rôlls Rŏyce, Flŏyd, Bŏyd.
:1.  Like '''ú''' in '''fún''' or '''ò''' in '''mòther''', only in '''blòod''' and '''flòod'''.
oi is weak, schwa, for most speakers in pŏrpoise, tŏrtoise.
:2.  Like '''ô''' in '''gô''', only in BrE '''brôoch''' and '''Rôosevelt'''.
:3.  As '''ŏor''' instead of '''ŏr''' at the end of monosyllables: '''dŏor, pŏor, flŏor''' (though some pronounce these -'''oôr''').
:4.  Like '''ù''' in '''pùt, fùll''': '''coòk, soòt, foòt, woòd''' ''tree'' (= '''woùld''' ''if''), '''goòd''' (cf. '''coùld'''), '''oòmph'''.
:5.  Most commonly, like '''û''' in '''illûminate''' - but never with the invisible consonantal 'y' sound which is so often heard at the beginning of '''û''' as in tûne (*tyûne).


oo is a special case, with five different pronunciations (without counting accidental clashes of two regular pronunciations such as in côóperate and côŏrdinate). It functions like a separate letter:
:Usually before voiced consonants: '''broôd, soôn, moôn, foôd, boôn, toôl, foôl, stoôl, oôh!, oôdles, choôse''' (*choôz), but also before unvoiced consonants: '''loôse''' (*lûce), '''hoôp, loôp, stoôp'''.


1.  Only like ú in fún and ò in mòther, in blòod and flòod.
:Compare '''poôl''' ''water'', ''billiards'' and '''pùll''' ''push'', pronounced *poòl.
2.  Only like ô in gô, in BrE brôoch and Rôosevelt.
3.  As ŏor instead of ŏr at the end of monosyllables: dŏor, pŏor, flŏor.
4.  Like ù in pùt, fùll: coòk, soòt, foòt, woòd tree (= woùld if), goòd (cf. coùld), oòmph.
5.  Most commonly, like û in illûminate - but never with the invisible consonantal y sound which is so often heard at the beginning of û as in tûne.
Usually before voiced consonants: broôd, soôn, moôn, foôd, boôn, toôl, foôl, stoôl, oôh!, oôdles, choôse (*choôz) but also before unvoiced consonants: loôse (*lûce), hoôp, loôp, stoôp.


toô ''also'' = tŵo ''number'' = to ''preposition'' are pronounced the same - although of course '''to''' is usually weak, so it normally has the schwa sound.  The same oô sound is found spelt with one o in do, move and prove.
'''toô''' ''also'' = '''tŵo''' ''number'' = '''to''' ''preposition'' are pronounced the same - although '''to''' is usually weak, so it normally has the [[schwa]] sound.  The same '''oô''' sound is found spelt with one '''o''' in '''do, move''' and '''prove'''.


Example: ''''Hê has hád toô many drínks - díd he háve to drínk tŵo toô many, do yoû thínk? What moved hím to?’ ‘But cán yoû prove it?’'''


Example: ‘Hê has hád toô many drínks - díd he háve to drínk tŵo toô many, do yoû thínk? What moved him to?’, ‘But cán yoû prove it?’
==='''ough'''===
'''ough''' has nine different pronunciations:


'''úff''': '''enoúgh, toúgh, roúgh, sloúgh''' ''skin'' (*ínúff, etc.)


ough has nine different pronunciations:
'''óff''': '''tróugh, cóugh, Góugh, Bóugh''' (*tróff, etc.)


úff óff ŏ before t û
'''ŏ''', before '''t''': '''nŏught, thŏught, ŏught''' (*nåwt, *thåwt, *åwt)
enoúgh tróugh nŏught throûgh
toúgh cóugh thŏught throughòut
roúgh Góugh ŏught


ô òu as schwa
'''û''': '''throûgh''' ''pass'', '''throughòut''' (= '''threŵ''' ''throw'', '''threŵ òut''')
(though for AmE speakers, this can be ô)
dôugh bòugh bòrough (*búrə)
'''òu''': '''bòugh, dròught, slòugh''' ''swamp'' = '''Slòugh''' ''England'' (all rhyming with '''hòw''' and '''nòw''')
thôugh Slòugh thòrough (*thúrə)
althôugh dròught Scàrborough (cf. Édinburgh, both -brə)


úp only in híccough (alternative spelling of híccup)
'''ô''': '''dôugh, thôugh, althôugh''' (all rhyming with '''nô''' and '''gô''')


ó only in lóugh (Irish spelling of lóch)
[[schwa]], (though for [[American English|AmE]] speakers, these can also be '''ô'''): '''bòrough''' (*búrə), '''thòrough''' (*thúrə), '''Scàrborough''' (cf. '''Édinburgh''', both -brə in [[British English|BrE]])


'''úp''': only in '''híccough''' (alternative spelling of '''híccup''')
[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] [ɒχ]: only in '''lóugh''' (Irish spelling of '''lóch''', same pronunciation)
===Irregular '''o'''’s===


===Irregular o’s===
Usually pronounced oô or ù/oò, never û:
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 78: Line 100:
!Pronunciation
!Pronunciation
|-
|-
|approve
|'''approve
|*approôv
|*approôv
|-
|-
|Boer
|'''Boer
|*Bûer
|*Bûer
|-
|-
| bosom
|'''bosom
|*bùzəm
|*bùzəm
|-
|-
|canoe
|'''canoe
|*canoô
|*canoô
|-
|-
|croissant
|'''croissant
|*kwússón (French nasal -ón)
|*kwússón (French nasal -ón)
|-
|-
|do
|'''do
|*doô
|*doô
|-
|-
| lasso
|'''lasso
|*lássoô
|*lássoô
|-
|-
|Lesotho
|'''Lesotho
|*Lesûtu
|*Lesûtu
|-
|-
|lose
|'''lose
|*loôz
|*loôz
|-
|-
|move
|'''move
|*moôv
|*moôv
|-
|-
|prove
|'''prove
|*proôv
|*proôv
|-
|-
|shoe ''foot''
|'''shoe''' ''foot''
|shoô ''away''
|'''shoô''' ''away''
|-
|-
|to ''preposition''
|'''to''' ''preposition''
|toô ''also, many'' = tŵo ''number''
|'''toô''' ''also, many'' = '''tŵo''' ''number''
|-
|-
|tomb
|'''tomb
|*toôm
|*toôm
|-
|-
|who
|'''who
|*hoô
|'''[[Hu Jintao|Hû]]''' ''person'' (cf. '''[[Doctor Who|Dóctor Who]]''')
|-
|-
|whose
|'''whose
|*hoôz
|*hoôz
|-
|-
|wolf
|'''wolf
|*wùlf
|*wùlf (cf. '''[[Beowulf|Bèowulf]]''')
|-
|-
|woman
|'''woman
|*wùmən
|*wùmən
|-
|-
|women
|'''women
|*wímmin
|*wímmin
|-
|-
|Worcester
|'''Worcester
|*Wùstə (AmE -r)
|*Wùstər
|}
|}


With do (*doô), compare dôe ''animal'' = dôugh ''bake''.
With '''do''' (*doô), we can compare '''dôe''' ''animal'' = '''dôugh''' ''bake''.
 
'''to''' ''preposition'' = '''toô''' ''many, also'' = '''tŵo''' ''number'', compare '''tôe''' ''foot'', '''toúgh''' ''strong'' = '''túff''' ''rock''.
 
The Scottish clan name '''Home''' is pronounced, and sometimes spelt, '''Hûme'''.
 
'''oe''' is pronounced '''oô''' in '''Boer''' *Boôer and optionally in '''hoôpôe'''/*hoôpoô.
 
===-'''ous''' versus -'''us'''===
-'''ous''' forms adjectives, -'''us''' forms nouns.
 
Adjectives: '''pàrlous, treméndous, màrvellous, trémulous, cöurteous, magnánimous, précious, disāstrous''' (minus the '''e''' of '''disāster'''). An exception is '''[[Thelonious Monk|Thelônious Mònk]]'''.


With to ''preposition'' (= toô ''many, also'' = tŵo ''number'', compare tôe ''foot'', toúgh ''strong'' = túff ''rock''.
Nouns (especially names): '''ábacus, sýllabus, ómnibus''' (whence '''bús'''), '''nímbus, cûmulus, óctopus, sánctus, fôcus, crôcus, Màrcus, Catúllus, Horâtius''' (*Horâyshəss).


===ous versus -us===
The noun suffix -'''our''' becomes -'''or'''- before -'''ous''': '''hûmorous, glámorous'''.
-ous forms adjectives, -us forms nouns.


Adjectives: pàrlous, treméndous, màrvellous, trémulous, cöurteous, magnánimous, précious, disāstrous (minus the e of disāster).
==='''òw''' and '''ôw'''===
'''òw''' stressed in monosyllables: '''sòw''' ''pig'', '''hòw, nòw, bròwn, còw, fròwn, bòw down, vòw, wòw''', AmE '''plòw''' (BrE '''plòugh''') and in: '''còward, còwardly, glòwer, flòwer, pòwer, Gòwer, shòwer, nòwadays'''.


Nouns (especially names): ábacus, sýllabus, ómnibus (whence bús), nímbus, cûmulus, óctopus, sánctus, fôcus, crôcus, Màrcus, Catúllus, Horâtius (*Horâyshəss).
'''ôw''' stressed in monosyllables: '''sôw''' ''seed'' (= '''sew''' ''needle'') '''lôw, môw, tôw''' ''pull'' (= '''tôe''' ''foot'') and unstressed at the end of words of two syllables: '''yéllôw, shállôw, hóllôw, gállôws, nárrôw, bórrôw, árrôw, fúrrôw, fállôw'''.
The majority of these are from Latin, or Greek through Latin.  There are further examples under u.  [[Thelonious Monk|Thelônious Mònk]] was an exception – but he was originally Thêlius.


The noun suffix -our becomes -or- before -ous: hûmorous, glámorous.
==='''oe''' and '''eo''', including silent '''o'''===
'''oê''', from Greek 'οι', is quite rare.  It can be written as a single letter, '''œ''', but this is unusual nowadays, and '''e''' alone is often used instead, especially in America.  But one still occasionally sees '''Phœbe, fœtus, œnology, Œdipus, phœnix''' ''bird'' (= '''Phoênix''' ''Arizona''), '''œstrogen''' instead of '''Phoêbe, foêtus, oênology, Oêdipus, phoênix, oêstrogen'''.  And, from French, there is '''œuvre''' (*ërvrə).


'''gôes''' (cf. '''dòes''' ''do'', '''dôes''' ''animals'') and the plurals '''tôes, potâtoes''', AmE '''tomâtoes''', BrE '''tomàtoes, peccadíllôes''' are of course not Greek 'οι' and just have the '''ô''' sound.  But not all plurals have the '''e''': '''volcânos, tornâdos, hâlos, concërtos''' (consh-).  The longer the word has been in the English language, the more likely it is to have -'''ôes'''; there is alas no other rule.


òw and ôw:
'''pêople''' has the same vowel sound as '''œ''', but with the letters reversed, and the '''o''' completely redundant, as it is also in '''léopard''', '''Léonard''' (= the much less common '''Lénnard'''), '''Léominster''' (*Lémster) and '''jéopardy''' (cf. '''jéalousy'''), and in the names '''[[Matt Groening|Groèning]]''' and '''[[John Boehner|Boèhner]]''', Grây- and Bây-.
òw stressed in monosyllables: hòw, nòw, bròwn, còw, fròwn, bòw down, vòw, wòw, AmE plòw (BrE plòugh) and in: còward, còwardly, glòwer, flòwer, pòwer, Gòwer, shòwer, nòwadays.


ôw stressed in monosyllables: lôw, sôw seed (= sew needle) môw, tôw pull (= tôe foot) and unstressed at the end of words of two syllables: yéllôw, shállôw, hóllôw, gállôws, nárrôw, bórrôw, árrôw, fúrrôw, fállôw.
===-'''ôl'''===
A common ending is -'''ôl''', spelt thus in '''contrôl''' but not in monosyllables, a list of which can be found at [[L]].


oê, from Greek oi, is quite rare.  It can be written as a single letter, œ, but this is rather unusual nowadays, e alone often being used instead, especially in America.  But you might see Phœbe, fœtus, œnology, Œdipus, phœnix bird (= Phoênix Arizona), œstrogen instead of Phoêbe, foêtus, oênology, Oêdipus, phoênix, oêstrogen.  And, from French, there is œuvre (*ërvrə).
As noted above, for some speakers, final -'''ôl''' is pronounced more like -óùl than the more standard IPA [əʊl].


gôes (cf. dòes do, dôes animals) and the plurals, tôes, potâtoes, AmE tomâtoes, BrE tomàtoes, peccadíllôes are of course not Greek oi and just have the ô sound.  But not all plurals have the e: volcânos, tornâdos, hâlos, concërtos (consh-).  The longer the word has been in the English language, the more likely it is to have -ôes; there is alas no other rule.
==Scientific uses==


pêople has the same vowel sound as œ, but with the letters reversed, and the o completely redundant, as it is also in léopard and jéopardy (cf. jéalousy).
*o- prefix: old chemical notation, ortho
*O: order of (limited by a constant multiple of what follows in round brackets)
*o: tending to a zero multiple of what follows in round brackets


==See also==
==Footnotes==
*[[Letter (alphabet)]]
{{reflist}}[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]]
*[[Alphabet]]
*[[Writing system]]
*[[Orthography]]
*[[Written language]]
*[[Writing]]

Latest revision as of 16:00, 27 September 2024

This article is developing and not approved.
 Main Article
 Discussion
Related Articles  [?]
Bibliography  [?]
External Links  [?]
Citable Version  [?]
 
https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=O_(letter)&printable=yes
This editable Main Article is under development and subject to a disclaimer.

O, o is a letter of the Latin alphabet. It is the fifteenth letter of most variants, being placed after N and before P, as is the case for instance in the English alphabet. Its English name is pronounced [ˈəʊ] or [ˈoʊ], like the exclamation oh!

Use in English

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Use in English
Alphabetical word list
Retroalphabetical list  
Common misspellings  

o represents various (usually) back vowel sounds. It is very versatile, with three irregular sounds, move (oô), wolf (ù) and women (í).

  • The accents show stress and pronunciation (see English spellings): A: sát, mâde, pàrk, cāst (cást/càst), åll, ãir; E: ére, êar, vèin, fërn; I: sít, mîne, skì, bïrd; O: sóng, môde, lòve, wörd, ŏr; OO: moôn, foòt; U: sún, mûse, fùll, pürr; W: neŵ, ẁant; Y: gým, mŷ, keỳ, mÿrrh.

The short sound: ódd, óff, ón, dóg, sóft, góne, sóng, lóng, alóng, cróss, lóst, hóp, dóck, ród, nód, sóft, nót negative = knót tie, dóll, knóll (cf. pôll, tôll).

The long sound corresponds to the word ôh (in which the h is silent), a diphthong which approximates to schwa followed by the sound of ù/oò: óver, ônly, bôat, flôat, hôpe, strôve, thôugh, nôse, gôes, gô, nô, lôw, knôw, grôw, thrôw, ôcean, prôven (though this can be pronounced *prûven, with the same sound as in prove and move), phãrôah Egypt = Fãrôe Islands, ôpen, sôap, unmarked and unstressed in cháperôn (sh-), BrE brôoch. Compare Hólland and Pôland.

Compare Jóhn and Jôan: it is the latter that has the ôh sound.

Before l for some BrE and antipodean speakers the long sound is more like ó plus ù in words like sôul spirit = sôle only, fish, Pôland, strôll, tôll (cf. dóll), bôwl (cf. hòwl). Compare the two ôs in Rôlling Stônes. Only the long sound can end a word: tornâdô, Plâtô, lîdô, agô.

ò is pronounced like ú in sún, and occurs in the common words còme and dòne. It often comes before m, n, gh, th and v: òther, còmpany, gòvern (*úther, *cúmpany, *gúvern), mòther, bròther, wòrry, wònder, hòney, mòney, amòng, îronmònger, frònt, Lòndon, òven, còver, cònstable, lòver, shòvel, dòzen, nòthing, BrE còlour, AmE còlor hue (cf. cóllar shirt). It is a very common mistake for learners to pronounce ò like the ó in óff, regardless of mòther tòngue (*múther *túng), in words like gòvernment, còúntry, and Colòmbia Bogotá (= Colúmbia CBS, Canada).

The sound is a stressed schwa in American English (IPA [ə]), and [ʌ] in British English.

ú is more common in monosyllables than ò: sóck, sôak, súck; cót, côat, cút.

When ò does occur in monosyllables, there is a typical pattern with v: lòve, abòve, glòve, dòve, shòve; and also tòn, òne 1 = wòn victor (*wún), dòes, dòth.

ò often combines with ú, rendering itself redundant, as in yoúng, noúrish, floúrish, Doúglas, roúgh, coúple, doúble, troúble (cf. búbble), coúntry, coúntryside, soúthern (cf. sòuth).

That is different from the còw diphthong sound in còunt number, còunty district, vòw, clòud, òut, vòwel, tòwer, dòubt, òwl, fòwl bird = fòul horrible, tòwel, dròught, sòuth, cròwd, sòund, nòw, hòwl (cf. bôwl) and before (e)r: pòwer, tòwer, glòur, dòwry, flòwer plant = (for most speakers) flòur dough.

òu is in final position only in thòu (dh-). There is also oû: yoû, coûp revolution (= coô bird), soûp (p pronounced) and ou as w from French as in Ouagadoûgou (*Wágadûgu) and ouìja-bŏard (*uwêejəbŏrd).

ŏ[1] is very common, usually in ŏr, but also ŏur, ŏugh and ŏa (and also spelt åu, åw, etc.): ŏr, nŏrth, pŏrt, lŏrd, swŏrd, mŏrning, ŏught, bŏught, sŏught, brŏught, bŏrn, swŏrn, hŏrse, cŏrd rope = chŏrd music, Nŏra, Dŏra, Flŏra name = flŏra flowers (cf. fåuna), Pŏrtugal, yŏur, yŏurs, cŏurse, sŏurce, resŏurce, fŏur, gŏurd, mŏurn, abrŏad, brŏad, bŏar, ŏar.

This sound is still heard sometimes in a "posh" pronunciation of what would normally be an ó: gŏne, ŏff and ŏften (*gåwn, etc.) for góne, óff and óften (*gónn, etc.).

When this sound has stress, -ŏre is usual at the end of a word: deplŏre, swŏre, bŏre, mŏre and ŏre.

But: abhŏr, fŏur 4 = fŏr sake, and pŏre skin = pŏur drink = pŏor misery (though poôr for many speakers).

-or is, however, usually schwa at the end of a word, -ər, showing an agent (as with -er): dóctor, tráctor, fáctor, objéctor, léctor, próctor, projéctor, and the verb héctor, from the name Héctor.

-ŏrr is found only in names: Cŏrr, Ŏrr (= ŏr alternative), Andŏrra, which rhymes with Pandŏra in AmE - BrE Andórra, cf. Dórrit.

But or is pronounced with the sound like a lengthened schwa, of ër and ür, after w: wörd, wörld, wörm, wörth, wörk, wörse, wörst - and also in attörney. It is a common mistake for learners to pronounce it the same as ŏr; in fact it is the same sound as in ëarth, fïrst, nërvous, türn, chürn, bürn, cërtain and hürt. The ŏ sound after w is in fact spelt å: wårn, Wårner, wårm, wåll, wålnút, wåter (cf. wâfer, wâit, wâve; ẁhat, ẁasp, ẁad).

The ër sound is spelt öur in jöurney, jöurnal, adjöurn, cöurteous, cöurtesy politeness (cf. cürtsey bow), scöurge, böurbon and unstressed in Lúxembourg. And, directly from French, öeuvre (*ërvrə, sometimes written œuvre).

ŏ forms diphthongs with i and y: cŏin, bŏy, tŏy, jŏint, jŏin, vŏid, ŏil, fŏil, jŏy, destrŏy, állŏy, almost always y at the end of a word and i in other positions - very often before l or n. But names can ignore this rule: Jŏyce, Rôlls Rŏyce, Flŏyd, Bŏyd.

oi is weak, schwa, for most speakers in pŏrpoise, tŏrtoise. In cŏyote, oy is pronounced as eŷe in parts of the USA.

In some words from French, oi retains the pronunciation wà: sávoir fãire, réservoir, ábbatoir, *sávwà(r)-féə(r), *rézə(r)vwà(r), *ábətwà(r).

oo

oo is a special case, with five different pronunciations (without counting accidental clashes of two regular pronunciations such as in coóperate and coŏrdinate, both with the prefix cô-, which can be marked with a hyphen: co-operâtion). It functions like a letter in its own right:

1. Like ú in fún or ò in mòther, only in blòod and flòod.
2. Like ô in gô, only in BrE brôoch and Rôosevelt.
3. As ŏor instead of ŏr at the end of monosyllables: dŏor, pŏor, flŏor (though some pronounce these -oôr).
4. Like ù in pùt, fùll: coòk, soòt, foòt, woòd tree (= woùld if), goòd (cf. coùld), oòmph.
5. Most commonly, like û in illûminate - but never with the invisible consonantal 'y' sound which is so often heard at the beginning of û as in tûne (*tyûne).
Usually before voiced consonants: broôd, soôn, moôn, foôd, boôn, toôl, foôl, stoôl, oôh!, oôdles, choôse (*choôz), but also before unvoiced consonants: loôse (*lûce), hoôp, loôp, stoôp.
Compare poôl water, billiards and pùll push, pronounced *poòl.

toô also = tŵo number = to preposition are pronounced the same - although to is usually weak, so it normally has the schwa sound. The same oô sound is found spelt with one o in do, move and prove.

Example: 'Hê has hád toô many drínks - díd he háve to drínk tŵo toô many, do yoû thínk? What moved hím to?’ ‘But cán yoû prove it?’

ough

ough has nine different pronunciations:

úff: enoúgh, toúgh, roúgh, sloúgh skin (*ínúff, etc.)

óff: tróugh, cóugh, Góugh, Bóugh (*tróff, etc.)

ŏ, before t: nŏught, thŏught, ŏught (*nåwt, *thåwt, *åwt)

û: throûgh pass, throughòut (= threŵ throw, threŵ òut)

òu: bòugh, dròught, slòugh swamp = Slòugh England (all rhyming with hòw and nòw)

ô: dôugh, thôugh, althôugh (all rhyming with nô and gô)

schwa, (though for AmE speakers, these can also be ô): bòrough (*búrə), thòrough (*thúrə), Scàrborough (cf. Édinburgh, both -brə in BrE)

úp: only in híccough (alternative spelling of híccup)

IPA [ɒχ]: only in lóugh (Irish spelling of lóch, same pronunciation)

Irregular o’s

Spelling Pronunciation
approve *approôv
Boer *Bûer
bosom *bùzəm
canoe *canoô
croissant *kwússón (French nasal -ón)
do *doô
lasso *lássoô
Lesotho *Lesûtu
lose *loôz
move *moôv
prove *proôv
shoe foot shoô away
to preposition toô also, many = tŵo number
tomb *toôm
who Hû person (cf. Dóctor Who)
whose *hoôz
wolf *wùlf (cf. Bèowulf)
woman *wùmən
women *wímmin
Worcester *Wùstər

With do (*doô), we can compare dôe animal = dôugh bake.

to preposition = toô many, also = tŵo number, compare tôe foot, toúgh strong = túff rock.

The Scottish clan name Home is pronounced, and sometimes spelt, Hûme.

oe is pronounced oô in Boer *Boôer and optionally in hoôpôe/*hoôpoô.

-ous versus -us

-ous forms adjectives, -us forms nouns.

Adjectives: pàrlous, treméndous, màrvellous, trémulous, cöurteous, magnánimous, précious, disāstrous (minus the e of disāster). An exception is Thelônious Mònk.

Nouns (especially names): ábacus, sýllabus, ómnibus (whence bús), nímbus, cûmulus, óctopus, sánctus, fôcus, crôcus, Màrcus, Catúllus, Horâtius (*Horâyshəss).

The noun suffix -our becomes -or- before -ous: hûmorous, glámorous.

òw and ôw

òw stressed in monosyllables: sòw pig, hòw, nòw, bròwn, còw, fròwn, bòw down, vòw, wòw, AmE plòw (BrE plòugh) and in: còward, còwardly, glòwer, flòwer, pòwer, Gòwer, shòwer, nòwadays.

ôw stressed in monosyllables: sôw seed (= sew needle) lôw, môw, tôw pull (= tôe foot) and unstressed at the end of words of two syllables: yéllôw, shállôw, hóllôw, gállôws, nárrôw, bórrôw, árrôw, fúrrôw, fállôw.

oe and eo, including silent o

oê, from Greek 'οι', is quite rare. It can be written as a single letter, œ, but this is unusual nowadays, and e alone is often used instead, especially in America. But one still occasionally sees Phœbe, fœtus, œnology, Œdipus, phœnix bird (= Phoênix Arizona), œstrogen instead of Phoêbe, foêtus, oênology, Oêdipus, phoênix, oêstrogen. And, from French, there is œuvre (*ërvrə).

gôes (cf. dòes do, dôes animals) and the plurals tôes, potâtoes, AmE tomâtoes, BrE tomàtoes, peccadíllôes are of course not Greek 'οι' and just have the ô sound. But not all plurals have the e: volcânos, tornâdos, hâlos, concërtos (consh-). The longer the word has been in the English language, the more likely it is to have -ôes; there is alas no other rule.

pêople has the same vowel sound as œ, but with the letters reversed, and the o completely redundant, as it is also in léopard, Léonard (= the much less common Lénnard), Léominster (*Lémster) and jéopardy (cf. jéalousy), and in the names Groèning and Boèhner, Grây- and Bây-.

-ôl

A common ending is -ôl, spelt thus in contrôl but not in monosyllables, a list of which can be found at L.

As noted above, for some speakers, final -ôl is pronounced more like -óùl than the more standard IPA [əʊl].

Scientific uses

  • o- prefix: old chemical notation, ortho
  • O: order of (limited by a constant multiple of what follows in round brackets)
  • o: tending to a zero multiple of what follows in round brackets

Footnotes

  1. ↑ This symbol shows the same sound as å: unfortunately the ring diacritic, as used over the a, is not available over o, so ŏ has been employed as a substitute.
Retrieved from "https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=O_(letter)&oldid=983241"