Pascal (unit): Difference between revisions
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'''About the torr:''' There is no consensus in the technical literature about whether the name of the torr should be "Torr" or "torr". Nor is there any consensus about whether the symbol for that unit of pressure should be "Torr" or "torr". Both the [[United Kingdom]]'s [[National Physical Laboratory]] (see [http://www.npl.co.uk/reference/faqs/pressure-units Pressure Units]) and [[New Zealand]]'s [[Measurement Standards Laboratory]] (see [http://msl.irl.cri.nz/sites/all/files/training-manuals/TG19-July-2009.pdf Barometric Pressure Units]) use "torr" as the name and as the symbol. An extensive search of the website of the [[U.S.]] [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] found no such clear-cut definitions. Therefore, this table uses "torr" as both the name and the symbol. | '''About the torr:''' There is no consensus in the technical literature about whether the name of the torr should be "Torr" or "torr". Nor is there any consensus about whether the symbol for that unit of pressure should be "Torr" or "torr". Both the [[United Kingdom]]'s [[National Physical Laboratory]] (see [http://www.npl.co.uk/reference/faqs/pressure-units Pressure Units]) and [[New Zealand]]'s [[Measurement Standards Laboratory]] (see [http://msl.irl.cri.nz/sites/all/files/training-manuals/TG19-July-2009.pdf Barometric Pressure Units]) use "torr" as the name and as the symbol. An extensive search of the website of the [[United States of America|U.S.]] [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] found no such clear-cut definitions. Therefore, this table uses "torr" as both the name and the symbol. | ||
==Absolute pressure versus gauge pressure== | ==Absolute pressure versus gauge pressure== | ||
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In the U.S. customary units, gauge pressure and absolute pressure are very commonly abbreviated as '''psig''' and '''psia''' respectively. In the above example, the tire pressure would commonly be written as 32 psig or 46.7 psia. | In the U.S. customary units, gauge pressure and absolute pressure are very commonly abbreviated as '''psig''' and '''psia''' respectively. In the above example, the tire pressure would commonly be written as 32 psig or 46.7 psia. | ||
In technical writing, using the SI metric system of units, the use of kPa(g) or kPa(a) is not recommended. Instead, for the example above, it is recommended to write '''''a gauge pressure of 220 kPa''''' or '''''an absolute pressure of 321 kPa'''''. Where space is limited, such as on pressure gauge dials, table headings or graph labels, the use of a modifier | In technical writing, using the SI metric system of units, the use of kPa(g) or kPa(a) is not recommended. Instead, for the example above, it is recommended to write '''''a gauge pressure of 220 kPa''''' or '''''an absolute pressure of 321 kPa'''''. Where space is limited, such as on pressure gauge dials, table headings or graph labels, the use of a modifier, such as '''''kPa (gauge)''''' and '''''kPa (absolute)''''' or '''''kPa-gauge''''' and '''''kPa-absolute''''', is strongly encouraged.<ref name=NPL/><ref name=Jones/> This discussion of pressure modifiers also applies to other pressure units such as bar, atmosphere, torr, etc. | ||
==Practical examples== | ==Practical examples== | ||
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<ref name=Jones>{{cite book|author=Arnold Ivan Jones and Cornelius Wandmacher|title=Metric Units in Engineering:Going SI|edition=Revised Edition|publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers|year=2007|pages=page 147|id=ISBN 0-7844-0070-9}}</ref> | <ref name=Jones>{{cite book|author=Arnold Ivan Jones and Cornelius Wandmacher|title=Metric Units in Engineering:Going SI|edition=Revised Edition|publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers|year=2007|pages=page 147|id=ISBN 0-7844-0070-9}}</ref> | ||
}} | }}[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]] | ||
Latest revision as of 16:01, 1 October 2024
The pascal (symbol: Pa) is the SI unit of pressure, defined as the force of one newton exerted uniformly over an area of one square metre. It is named for the French physicist and mathematician, Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662), who did significant work on fluids, pressure, and vacuum.
The pascal is a derived unit in the SI, equal to 1 N/m2; or in terms of SI basic units:
.
Various units of pressure
| pascal (Pa) |
bar (bar) |
atmosphere (atm) |
torr (torr) |
pound-force per square inch (psi) |
kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm2) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Pa | ≡ 1 N/m2 | 10−5 | 9.8692×10−6 | 7.5006×10−3 | 145.04×10−6 | 1.01972×10−5 |
| 1 bar | 100,000 | ≡ 106 dyn/cm2 | 0.98692 | 750.06 | 14.504 | 1.01972 |
| 1 atm | 101,325 | 1.01325 | ≡ 1 atm | 760 | 14.696 | 1.03323 |
| 1 torr | 133.322 | 1.3332×10−3 | 1.3158×10−3 | ≡ 1 torr ≈ 1 mmHg |
19.337×10−3 | 1.35951×10−3 |
| 1 psi | 6,894.76 | 68.948×10−3 | 68.046×10−3 | 51.715 | ≡ 1 lbf/in2 | 7.03059×10−2 |
| 1 kgf/cm2 | 98,066.5 | 0.980665 | 0.967838 | 735.5576 | 14.22357 | ≡ 1 kgf/cm2 |
Example reading: 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 = 10−5 bar = 9.8692×10−6 atm = 7.5006×10−3 torr, etc.
Note: mmHg is an abbreviation for millimetre of mercury
About the torr: There is no consensus in the technical literature about whether the name of the torr should be "Torr" or "torr". Nor is there any consensus about whether the symbol for that unit of pressure should be "Torr" or "torr". Both the United Kingdom's National Physical Laboratory (see Pressure Units) and New Zealand's Measurement Standards Laboratory (see Barometric Pressure Units) use "torr" as the name and as the symbol. An extensive search of the website of the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology found no such clear-cut definitions. Therefore, this table uses "torr" as both the name and the symbol.
Absolute pressure versus gauge pressure
Bourdon tube pressure gauges, vehicle tire gauges and many other types of pressure gauges are zero referenced to atmospheric pressure, which means that they measure the pressure above atmospheric pressure. However, absolute pressures are zero referenced to a complete vacuum. Thus, the absolute pressure of any system is the gauge pressure of the system plus the local atmospheric or ambient pressure.
An example of the difference is between gauge and absolute pressure is the air pressure in a vehicle tire. A tire pressure gauge might read 220 kPa (32 psi) as the gauge pressure, but that means the pressure is 220 kPa (32 psi) above atmospheric pressure. Since atmospheric pressure at sea level is about 101 kPa (14.7 psi), the absolute pressure in the tire is therefore about 321 kPa (46.7 psi).
In the U.S. customary units, gauge pressure and absolute pressure are very commonly abbreviated as psig and psia respectively. In the above example, the tire pressure would commonly be written as 32 psig or 46.7 psia.
In technical writing, using the SI metric system of units, the use of kPa(g) or kPa(a) is not recommended. Instead, for the example above, it is recommended to write a gauge pressure of 220 kPa or an absolute pressure of 321 kPa. Where space is limited, such as on pressure gauge dials, table headings or graph labels, the use of a modifier, such as kPa (gauge) and kPa (absolute) or kPa-gauge and kPa-absolute, is strongly encouraged.[1][2] This discussion of pressure modifiers also applies to other pressure units such as bar, atmosphere, torr, etc.
Practical examples
- Atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately 101 kPa ≈ 1 atm.
- ASTM A36 steel has a yield stress of about 250 MPa.
- Blood pressure is conventionally measured in mm of Hg. Since 1 mmHg is equal to 133.3 Pa, a blood pressure of 75 mmHg is equivalent to 10 kPa.
References
- ↑ Search Results 1 and 2 (from the website of the National Physics Laboratory, United Kingdom)
- ↑ Arnold Ivan Jones and Cornelius Wandmacher (2007). Metric Units in Engineering:Going SI, Revised Edition. American Society of Civil Engineers, page 147. ISBN 0-7844-0070-9.