Azemiopinae: Difference between revisions
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{{Taxobox | {{Taxobox | ||
| color = pink | | color = pink | ||
| name = ''Azemiops feae'' | | name = ''Azemiops feae'' | ||
| regnum = Animalia | |||
| phylum = Chordata | |||
| subphylum = Vertebrata | |||
| regnum = | | classis = Reptilia | ||
| phylum = | | ordo = Squamata | ||
| subphylum = | | subordo = Serpentes | ||
| classis = | | familia = Viperidae | ||
| ordo = | | subfamilia = '''Azemiopinae''' | ||
| subordo = | | subfamilia_authority = Liem, Marx & Rabb, 1971 | ||
| familia = | | genus = '''''Azemiops''''' | ||
| subfamilia = Azemiopinae | | genus_authority = Boulenger, 1888 | ||
| subfamilia_authority = Liem, Marx & Rabb, | |||
| genus = ''Azemiops'' | |||
| genus_authority = | |||
| species = '''''A. feae''''' | | species = '''''A. feae''''' | ||
| binomial = ''Azemiops feae'' | | binomial = ''Azemiops feae'' | ||
| Line 26: | Line 25: | ||
'''Common names:''' Fea's viper.<ref name="Mal03">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.</ref> | '''Common names:''' Fea's viper.<ref name="Mal03">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.</ref> | ||
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'''Azemiopinae''' is a | '''Azemiopinae''' is a monotypic subfamily created for the monotypic genus, ''Azemiops'', that contains the venomous viper species ''A. feae'', described here. No subspecies are recognized.<ref name="ITIS">[http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=634834 Azemiopinae (TSN 634834)] at [http://www.itis.gov/index.html Integrated Taxonomic Information System]. Accessed 18 March 2007.</ref> The first specimens were described by European explorer M.L. Fea, with the genus later being described by Boulenger in 1888.<ref name="Mal03"/> Considered to be one of the most primitive vipers,<ref name="Meh87">Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.</ref> it is found in the mountains of South East Asia<ref name="USN91">U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. US Govt. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.</ref> in China, toutheastern Tibet and Vietnam.<ref name="Mal03"/> | ||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
This species does not grow to more than 1 m in length. According to Liem et al. (1971), the maximum length is 77 cm, while Orlov (1997) described a male and a female measuring 72 cm and 78 cm respectively.<ref name="Mal03"/> | This species does not grow to more than 1 m in length. According to Liem et al. (1971), the maximum length is 77 cm, while Orlov (1997) described a male and a female measuring 72 cm and 78 cm respectively.<ref name="Mal03"/> | ||
The Fea's viper is considered the most primitive of all | The Fea's viper is considered the most primitive of all viperids for a number of reasons. It has a reasonably sturdy body and a short tail, but the dorsal scales are smooth rather than keeled like those of most vipers. The head, which is slightly flattened and more elliptical in shape than triangular, is not covered with numerous small scales like most other vipers, but with large shields like the colubrids and the elapids. Also, the skull is built differently. It does, however, have a pair hollow, rotating fangs, although these are short. The fangs have a ridge at the tip lateral to the discharge oriface, as well as a blade-like structure on the ventral surface seen only in some opistoglyphous and atractaspid snakes. The venom glands are relatively small. Finally, unlike most vipers, the Fea's viper is oviparous and hibernates during the winter months.<ref name="Mal03"/> | ||
The color pattern of the Fea's viper is striking: its basic body color is a shiny, deep blue-gray to black and marked by a number of widely spaced thin (1-2 scales) white-orange bands. The head is orange to slightly yellow with a distinct cross-pattern outlined in gray. The eyes are yellowish with vertical pupils.<ref name="Mal03"/> | The color pattern of the Fea's viper is striking: its basic body color is a shiny, deep blue-gray to black and marked by a number of widely spaced thin (1-2 scales) white-orange bands. The head is orange to slightly yellow with a distinct cross-pattern outlined in gray. The eyes are yellowish with vertical pupils.<ref name="Mal03"/> | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
From northern | From northern Vietnam through southern China (Fujien, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Kweichow, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), south-east, Myanmar and south-east Tibet. The type locality is listed as "Kakhien Hills (Kachin Hills), Myanmar."<ref name="McD99"/> | ||
==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
| Line 44: | Line 43: | ||
==Behavior== | ==Behavior== | ||
This species has a characteristic threat display. When disturbed, it flattens its body to make itself look wider, and its jaws flare outwards posteriorly to giving the normally ovoid head a triangular shape. Sometimes, it will vibrate its tail. Ultimately, it will strike, during which it may or may not use its fangs. As opposed to Orlov (1997), who states that this species is nocturnal, Zhao et al. (1981) report that it is | This species has a characteristic threat display. When disturbed, it flattens its body to make itself look wider, and its jaws flare outwards posteriorly to giving the normally ovoid head a triangular shape. Sometimes, it will vibrate its tail. Ultimately, it will strike, during which it may or may not use its fangs. As opposed to Orlov (1997), who states that this species is nocturnal, Zhao et al. (1981) report that it is crepuscular, being active from early March into late November.<ref name="Mal03"/> | ||
==Feeding== | ==Feeding== | ||
| Line 50: | Line 49: | ||
==Venom== | ==Venom== | ||
Research conducted by Dr. Bryan Grieg Fry indicates that the venom profile of the Fea's viper is remarkably similar to that of the Wagler's viper ('' | Research conducted by Dr. Bryan Grieg Fry indicates that the venom profile of the Fea's viper is remarkably similar to that of the Wagler's viper (''Tropidolaemus wagleri'').<ref name="VDOC">[http://www.venomdoc.com/viper.html ''Azemiops feae''] at [http://www.venomdoc.com/ Venomdoc]. Accessed 18 March 2007.</ref> Another study found that enzyme activities in ''Azemiops feae'' venom gland extract are similar to those of [[Viperinae|viperine]] venoms, except that ''Azemiops'' venom has no blood clotting, haemorrhagic or myolytic activities.<ref name="Meb94">[Mebs D, Kuch U, Meier J. 1994. Studies on venom and venom apparatus of Fea's viper, ''Azemiops feae''. Toxicon Oct;32(10):1275-8. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7846698&dopt=Abstract Abstract] at [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ National Center for Biotechnology Information]. Accessed 18 March 2007.</ref> | ||
Another study found that enzyme activities in ''Azemiops feae'' venom gland extract are similar to those of [[ | |||
<ref> | ==See also== | ||
* [[:Category:True vipers - Common names|True vipers - Common names]]. | |||
* [[:Category:True vipers - Synonymy|True vipers - Synonymy]]. | |||
* [[Snake (animal)bite]]. | |||
==Cited references== | ==Cited references== | ||
| Line 66: | Line 68: | ||
* Marx H, Olechowski TS. 1970. Fea's viper and the common gray shrew: a distribution note on predator and prey. Journal of Mammology 51:205. | * Marx H, Olechowski TS. 1970. Fea's viper and the common gray shrew: a distribution note on predator and prey. Journal of Mammology 51:205. | ||
* Mebs D, Kuch U, Meier J. 1994. Studies on venom and venom apparatus of Feae's viper, ''Azemiops feae''. Toxicon 32(10):1275-8. | * Mebs D, Kuch U, Meier J. 1994. Studies on venom and venom apparatus of Feae's viper, ''Azemiops feae''. Toxicon 32(10):1275-8. | ||
* Orlov N. 1997. Viperid snakes (Viperidae Bonaparte, 1840) of Tam-Dao mountain range. | * Orlov N. 1997. Viperid snakes (Viperidae Bonaparte, 1840) of Tam-Dao mountain range. Russian Journal of Herpetology 4(1):67-74. | ||
* Zhao R. Er-Mi TH, Zhao G. 1981. Notes on Fea's viper from China. Acta Herpetologica Sinica 5(11):66-71. | * Zhao R. Er-Mi TH, Zhao G. 1981. Notes on Fea's viper from China. Acta Herpetologica Sinica 5(11):66-71. | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| Line 74: | Line 76: | ||
* [http://www.herpbreeder.com/worldspecies/Snakes/vipers/azemiops.htm ''Azemiops''] at [http://www.herpbreeder.com/ Herpbreeder]. Accessed 26 September 2006. | * [http://www.herpbreeder.com/worldspecies/Snakes/vipers/azemiops.htm ''Azemiops''] at [http://www.herpbreeder.com/ Herpbreeder]. Accessed 26 September 2006. | ||
* [http://stlzoo.org/animals/abouttheanimals/reptiles/snakes/feasviper.htm Fea's Viper] at [http://stlzoo.org/ Saint Louis Zoo]. Accessed 26 September 2006. | * [http://stlzoo.org/animals/abouttheanimals/reptiles/snakes/feasviper.htm Fea's Viper] at [http://stlzoo.org/ Saint Louis Zoo]. Accessed 26 September 2006. | ||
*[http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/Unit260/260.500.html#Azemiopinae Azemiopinae] at [http://www.palaeos.com/ Palaeos]. Accessed 26 September 2006. | *[http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/Unit260/260.500.html#Azemiopinae Azemiopinae] at [http://www.palaeos.com/ Palaeos]. Accessed 26 September 2006.[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]] | ||
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Common names: Fea's viper.[2]
Azemiopinae is a monotypic subfamily created for the monotypic genus, Azemiops, that contains the venomous viper species A. feae, described here. No subspecies are recognized.[3] The first specimens were described by European explorer M.L. Fea, with the genus later being described by Boulenger in 1888.[2] Considered to be one of the most primitive vipers,[4] it is found in the mountains of South East Asia[5] in China, toutheastern Tibet and Vietnam.[2]
Description
This species does not grow to more than 1 m in length. According to Liem et al. (1971), the maximum length is 77 cm, while Orlov (1997) described a male and a female measuring 72 cm and 78 cm respectively.[2]
The Fea's viper is considered the most primitive of all viperids for a number of reasons. It has a reasonably sturdy body and a short tail, but the dorsal scales are smooth rather than keeled like those of most vipers. The head, which is slightly flattened and more elliptical in shape than triangular, is not covered with numerous small scales like most other vipers, but with large shields like the colubrids and the elapids. Also, the skull is built differently. It does, however, have a pair hollow, rotating fangs, although these are short. The fangs have a ridge at the tip lateral to the discharge oriface, as well as a blade-like structure on the ventral surface seen only in some opistoglyphous and atractaspid snakes. The venom glands are relatively small. Finally, unlike most vipers, the Fea's viper is oviparous and hibernates during the winter months.[2]
The color pattern of the Fea's viper is striking: its basic body color is a shiny, deep blue-gray to black and marked by a number of widely spaced thin (1-2 scales) white-orange bands. The head is orange to slightly yellow with a distinct cross-pattern outlined in gray. The eyes are yellowish with vertical pupils.[2]
Distribution
From northern Vietnam through southern China (Fujien, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Kweichow, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), south-east, Myanmar and south-east Tibet. The type locality is listed as "Kakhien Hills (Kachin Hills), Myanmar."[1]
Habitat
Found in mountainous regions at altitudes up to 1000 m. Cooler climates are preferred, with an average temperature of 20-25 °C. Sometimes it is found on roadsides, in straw and grass, in rice fields, and even in and around homes. In Vietnam, its preferred habitat is described as forests of bamboo and tree ferns, with clearings, where the forest floor is covered with rotting vegetation, where there are plenty of rock outcroppings and there are many open and subterranean streams. The species is nocturnal, prefers nighttime temperatures of 18-25 °C, very moist environments and hides in places that are absolutely wet.[2]
Behavior
This species has a characteristic threat display. When disturbed, it flattens its body to make itself look wider, and its jaws flare outwards posteriorly to giving the normally ovoid head a triangular shape. Sometimes, it will vibrate its tail. Ultimately, it will strike, during which it may or may not use its fangs. As opposed to Orlov (1997), who states that this species is nocturnal, Zhao et al. (1981) report that it is crepuscular, being active from early March into late November.[2]
Feeding
They apparently feed on small mammals. A captured, immature specimen was found to have eaten a common gray shrew (Crocidura attenuata). In captivity, these snakes are reported to be reluctant feeders, but when they did they took newborn mice, and then only at night. On several occasions when feeding was observed, the prey was not released after being struck.[2]
Venom
Research conducted by Dr. Bryan Grieg Fry indicates that the venom profile of the Fea's viper is remarkably similar to that of the Wagler's viper (Tropidolaemus wagleri).[6] Another study found that enzyme activities in Azemiops feae venom gland extract are similar to those of viperine venoms, except that Azemiops venom has no blood clotting, haemorrhagic or myolytic activities.[7]
See also
Cited references
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
- ↑ Azemiopinae (TSN 634834) at Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Accessed 18 March 2007.
- ↑ Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
- ↑ U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. US Govt. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.
- ↑ Azemiops feae at Venomdoc. Accessed 18 March 2007.
- ↑ [Mebs D, Kuch U, Meier J. 1994. Studies on venom and venom apparatus of Fea's viper, Azemiops feae. Toxicon Oct;32(10):1275-8. Abstract at National Center for Biotechnology Information. Accessed 18 March 2007.
Other references
- Liem KF, Marx H, Rabb GB. 1971. The viperid snake Azemiops: Its comparative cephalic anatomy and phylogenic position in relation to Viperinae and Crotalinae. Fieldiana: Zoology. Vol. 59, No. 2:67-126.
- Kardong KV. 1986. Observations on live Azemiops feae, Fea’s viper. Herpetological Review 17(4) 81-82.
- Mara WP. 1993. Venomous Snakes of the World. TFH Publications. 275 pp. ISBN 0-86622-522-6.
- Marx H, Olechowski TS. 1970. Fea's viper and the common gray shrew: a distribution note on predator and prey. Journal of Mammology 51:205.
- Mebs D, Kuch U, Meier J. 1994. Studies on venom and venom apparatus of Feae's viper, Azemiops feae. Toxicon 32(10):1275-8.
- Orlov N. 1997. Viperid snakes (Viperidae Bonaparte, 1840) of Tam-Dao mountain range. Russian Journal of Herpetology 4(1):67-74.
- Zhao R. Er-Mi TH, Zhao G. 1981. Notes on Fea's viper from China. Acta Herpetologica Sinica 5(11):66-71.
External links
- Species Azemiops feae at the Species2000 Database
- Azemiops at Herpbreeder. Accessed 26 September 2006.
- Fea's Viper at Saint Louis Zoo. Accessed 26 September 2006.
- Azemiopinae at Palaeos. Accessed 26 September 2006.