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{{Taxobox | {{Taxobox | ||
| color = pink | | color = pink | ||
| name = ''Adenorhinos'' | | name = ''Adenorhinos'' | ||
| regnum = | | regnum = Animalia | ||
| phylum = | | phylum = Chordata | ||
| subphylum = | | subphylum = Vertebrata | ||
| classis = | | classis = Reptilia | ||
| ordo = | | ordo = Squamata | ||
| subordo = | | subordo = Serpentes | ||
| familia = | | familia = Viperidae | ||
| subfamilia = [[Viperinae]] | | subfamilia = [[Viperinae]] | ||
| genus = ''Adenorhinos'' | | genus = '''''Adenorhinos''''' | ||
| genus_authority = Marx & Rabb, | | genus_authority = Marx & Rabb, 1965 | ||
| species = '''''A. barbouri''''' | | species = '''''A. barbouri''''' | ||
| binomial = ''Adenorhinos barbouri'' | | binomial = ''Adenorhinos barbouri'' | ||
| binomial_authority = (Loveridge, | | binomial_authority = (Loveridge, 1930) | ||
| synonyms = * ''Adenorhinos'' - Marx & Rabb, 1965 | | synonyms = * ''Adenorhinos'' - Marx & Rabb, 1965 | ||
* ''Adenorhinus'' - Dowling & Duellman, 1978 | * ''Adenorhinus'' - Dowling & Duellman, 1978 | ||
| Line 23: | Line 25: | ||
* ''Adenorhinus'' [''barbouri''] - Dowling & Duellman, 1978<ref name="McD99"/> | * ''Adenorhinus'' [''barbouri''] - Dowling & Duellman, 1978<ref name="McD99"/> | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Common names''': Uzungwe viper,<ref name="SB95">Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.</ref> worm-eating viper, Barbour's short-headed viper,<ref name="Mal03">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.</ref> [[Adenorhinos#Common names|more]]. | '''Common names''': Uzungwe viper,<ref name="SB95">Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.</ref> worm-eating viper, Barbour's short-headed viper,<ref name="Mal03">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.</ref> [[Adenorhinos#Common names|more]]. | ||
'''''Adenorhinos''''' is a monotypic genus created for a venomous [[Viperinae|viper]] species, ''A. barbouri''. This is a small and exceptionally rare terrestrial species found only in the Uzungwe and Ukinga mountains of south-central Tanzania in Africa.<ref name="WOA">The World of Atheris - [http://www.kingsnake.com/atheris/barbouri.html ''Adenorhinos barbouri'']</ref> No subspecies are recognized.<ref name="ITIS">[http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=634418 ''Adenorhinos'' (TSN 634418)] at [http://www.itis.gov/index.html Integrated Taxonomic Information System]. Accessed 18 March 2007.</ref> | |||
'''''Adenorhinos''''' is a | |||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
This is a small species, reaching only 40 cm in length.<ref name="SB95"/> The head is broad, triangular and distinct from the neck. The snout is short and rounded. The head is covered with small, strongly keeled, imbricate scales. The eyes are prominent, about 1.5 times larger than the distance to the mouth. The nostril is in an extreme forward position and is part of a single [[nasal scale]] that touches the [[preocular scale]].<ref name="Mal03"/> | |||
The body is moderately slender while the tail is relatively short -- shorter than ''[[Atheris]]'' and not prehensile. [[Dorsal scales]] strongly keeled, 20-23 rows at midbody. Outermost rows smooth. [[Ventral scales]] 116-122 and rounded. [[Subcaudals]] 19-23, single. [[Anal plate]] single.<ref name="Mal03"/><ref name=USN65">U.S. Navy. 1965. Poisonous Snakes of the World. US Govt. Printing Office, Washington D.C. 212 pp.</ref><ref name="SB95"/> | The body is moderately slender while the tail is relatively short -- shorter than ''[[Atheris]]'' and not prehensile. [[Dorsal scales]] strongly keeled, 20-23 rows at midbody. Outermost rows smooth. [[Ventral scales]] 116-122 and rounded. [[Subcaudals]] 19-23, single. [[Anal plate]] single.<ref name="Mal03"/><ref name=USN65">U.S. Navy. 1965. Poisonous Snakes of the World. US Govt. Printing Office, Washington D.C. 212 pp.</ref><ref name="SB95"/> | ||
The color pattern consists of a brown to blackish brown ground color with a pair of zigzag stripes that run dorsolaterally from the back of the head to the end of the tail. These stripes may form an irregular chain of darker rhombic blotches down the back. The tail may have a faint | The color pattern consists of a brown to blackish brown ground color with a pair of zigzag stripes that run dorsolaterally from the back of the head to the end of the tail. These stripes may form an irregular chain of darker rhombic blotches down the back. The tail may have a faint black checkering. The belly color is greenish white to olive.<ref name="SB95"/> | ||
==Common names== | ==Common names== | ||
Uzungwe viper, Barbour's viper,<ref name="SB95">Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.</ref> worm-eating viper, Barbour's short-headed viper,<ref name="Mal03" | Uzungwe viper, Barbour's viper,<ref name="SB95">Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.</ref> worm-eating viper, Barbour's short-headed viper,<ref name="Mal03" /> | ||
==Geographic range== | ==Geographic range== | ||
This snake's range is extremely limited; it is known only from the Uzungwe and Ukinga mountains of south-central Tanzania.<ref name="SB95"/> The type locality is "Dabaga, Uzungwe Mountains, southeast of Iringa, Tanganyika Territory, altitude 6000 feet" (Udzungwe Mountains, Tanzania).<ref name="McD99"/> | |||
==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
This is a terrestrial species found in bushes and bamboo undergrowth on mountain slopes at 1800 m.<ref name="SB95"/> It seems to prefer moist forest habitats, but it has also been found in gardens of tea farms.<ref name="Spa01">Spawls S, Howell K, Drewes R, Ashe J. 2004. A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa. Academic Press. 543 pp. ISBN 0-7136-6817-2.</ref> | |||
==Behavior== | ==Behavior== | ||
| Line 49: | Line 49: | ||
==Feeding== | ==Feeding== | ||
It is believed they are specialized in eating slugs, earthworms and other soft-bodied invertebrates<ref name="SB95"/> | It is believed they are specialized in eating slugs, earthworms and other soft-bodied invertebrates<ref name="SB95"/>, and possibly also frogs.<ref name="Spa01"/> | ||
==Reproduction== | ==Reproduction== | ||
This species is apparently | This species is apparently oviparous. In February 1930, three females were collected that each contained 10 eggs. The largest egg measured 1.0 x 0.6 cm.<ref name="Spa01"/> | ||
==Venom== | ==Venom== | ||
| Line 58: | Line 58: | ||
== Taxonomy == | == Taxonomy == | ||
''A. barbouri'' was previously described as a member of the genus ''[[Atheris]]'' (bush vipers). It differs morphologically from the ''Atheris'' group, but recent research by Lenk et al. (2001) suggests that it is closely related to the | ''A. barbouri'' was previously described as a member of the genus ''[[Atheris]]'' (bush vipers). It differs morphologically from the ''Atheris'' group, but recent research by Lenk et al. (2001) suggests that it is closely related to the sympatric species, ''[[Atheris ceratophora]]'', even though it differes morphologically from all other members of the genus ''[[Atheris]]''. Future research will show whether ''A. barbouri'' should be moved back to ''Atheris'', or that ''Atheris ceratophora'' and ''A. barbouri'' should form a separate clade.<ref name="Mal03"/> | ||
This species is similar to ''[[Montatheris|Montatheris hindii]]'' and ''[[Proatheris|Proatheris superciliaris]]'', which are also both terrestrial, | This species is similar to ''[[Montatheris|Montatheris hindii]]'' and ''[[Proatheris|Proatheris superciliaris]]'', which are also both terrestrial, monotypic genera, as well as previous members of the ''Atheris'' group.<ref name="McD99"/> | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
* [[ | * [[list of viperine species and subspecies]] | ||
* [[:Category:True vipers - Common names|True vipers - Common names]]. | * [[:Category:True vipers - Common names|True vipers - Common names]]. | ||
* [[:Category:True vipers - Synonymy|True vipers - Synonymy]]. | * [[:Category:True vipers - Synonymy|True vipers - Synonymy]]. | ||
* [[ | * [[snakebite]] | ||
==Cited references== | ==Cited references== | ||
| Line 76: | Line 76: | ||
<div class="references-small"> | <div class="references-small"> | ||
* Lenk P, Kalyabina S, Wink M, Joger U. 2001. Evolutionary relationships among the true vipers (Reptilia: Viperidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenics and Evolution 19(1):94-104. | * Lenk P, Kalyabina S, Wink M, Joger U. 2001. Evolutionary relationships among the true vipers (Reptilia: Viperidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenics and Evolution 19(1):94-104. | ||
</div> | </div>[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]] | ||
[[Category: | |||
Latest revision as of 11:00, 6 July 2024
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Common names: Uzungwe viper,[2] worm-eating viper, Barbour's short-headed viper,[3] more.
Adenorhinos is a monotypic genus created for a venomous viper species, A. barbouri. This is a small and exceptionally rare terrestrial species found only in the Uzungwe and Ukinga mountains of south-central Tanzania in Africa.[4] No subspecies are recognized.[5]
Description
This is a small species, reaching only 40 cm in length.[2] The head is broad, triangular and distinct from the neck. The snout is short and rounded. The head is covered with small, strongly keeled, imbricate scales. The eyes are prominent, about 1.5 times larger than the distance to the mouth. The nostril is in an extreme forward position and is part of a single nasal scale that touches the preocular scale.[3]
The body is moderately slender while the tail is relatively short -- shorter than Atheris and not prehensile. Dorsal scales strongly keeled, 20-23 rows at midbody. Outermost rows smooth. Ventral scales 116-122 and rounded. Subcaudals 19-23, single. Anal plate single.[3][6][2]
The color pattern consists of a brown to blackish brown ground color with a pair of zigzag stripes that run dorsolaterally from the back of the head to the end of the tail. These stripes may form an irregular chain of darker rhombic blotches down the back. The tail may have a faint black checkering. The belly color is greenish white to olive.[2]
Common names
Uzungwe viper, Barbour's viper,[2] worm-eating viper, Barbour's short-headed viper,[3]
Geographic range
This snake's range is extremely limited; it is known only from the Uzungwe and Ukinga mountains of south-central Tanzania.[2] The type locality is "Dabaga, Uzungwe Mountains, southeast of Iringa, Tanganyika Territory, altitude 6000 feet" (Udzungwe Mountains, Tanzania).[1]
Habitat
This is a terrestrial species found in bushes and bamboo undergrowth on mountain slopes at 1800 m.[2] It seems to prefer moist forest habitats, but it has also been found in gardens of tea farms.[7]
Behavior
Little is known. It was first thought to be a burrowing species, but this is not likely as it has no obvious morphological adaptations for even a semifossorial life.[2]
Feeding
It is believed they are specialized in eating slugs, earthworms and other soft-bodied invertebrates[2], and possibly also frogs.[7]
Reproduction
This species is apparently oviparous. In February 1930, three females were collected that each contained 10 eggs. The largest egg measured 1.0 x 0.6 cm.[7]
Venom
No information is available regarding the composition of the venom, its toxicity or the effects of a bite. No cases of envenomation have been recorded. However, because of the very limited distribution, bites are unlikely to occur.[3]
Taxonomy
A. barbouri was previously described as a member of the genus Atheris (bush vipers). It differs morphologically from the Atheris group, but recent research by Lenk et al. (2001) suggests that it is closely related to the sympatric species, Atheris ceratophora, even though it differes morphologically from all other members of the genus Atheris. Future research will show whether A. barbouri should be moved back to Atheris, or that Atheris ceratophora and A. barbouri should form a separate clade.[3]
This species is similar to Montatheris hindii and Proatheris superciliaris, which are also both terrestrial, monotypic genera, as well as previous members of the Atheris group.[1]
See also
- list of viperine species and subspecies
- True vipers - Common names.
- True vipers - Synonymy.
- snakebite
Cited references
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
- ↑ The World of Atheris - Adenorhinos barbouri
- ↑ Adenorhinos (TSN 634418) at Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Accessed 18 March 2007.
- ↑ U.S. Navy. 1965. Poisonous Snakes of the World. US Govt. Printing Office, Washington D.C. 212 pp.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Spawls S, Howell K, Drewes R, Ashe J. 2004. A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa. Academic Press. 543 pp. ISBN 0-7136-6817-2.
Other references
- Lenk P, Kalyabina S, Wink M, Joger U. 2001. Evolutionary relationships among the true vipers (Reptilia: Viperidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenics and Evolution 19(1):94-104.