Penguin/Catalogs/Penguins in the northern hemisphere: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Galapagos-penguin.jpg|thumb|right| | [[Image:Galapagos-penguin.jpg|thumb|right|350px|This [[Galápagos penguin]] lives around the [[equator]].]] | ||
Despite the fact that nearly all penguin species are native to [[Earth]]'s [[southern hemisphere]], there are, remarkably, [[penguin]]s in the [[northern hemisphere]] as well. These [[flight]]less [[bird]]s are at large in northern waters not only because there are penguin [[bird colony|colonies]] on [[island]]s crossing the [[equator]], but also because of two attempts to introduce penguins to the [[Arctic Circle]]. | |||
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==Equatorial penguins== | ==Equatorial penguins== | ||
Although most penguins' natural [[habitat]] lies well within the [[southern hemisphere]], many ''do'' live further [[north]]. The [[Galápagos penguin]] is the sole equatorial [[species]], living mainly in colonies of several hundred birds on two of the [[Galápagos Islands]] west of [[Ecuador]] in [[South America]]. Because the northernmost point of [[Fernandina Island]] lies just inside the northern hemisphere, it is possible for these penguins to make regular incursions into the north. | Although most penguins' natural [[habitat]] lies well within the [[southern hemisphere]], many ''do'' live further [[north]]. The [[Galápagos penguin]] is the sole equatorial [[species]], living mainly in colonies of several hundred birds on two of the [[Galápagos Islands]] west of [[Ecuador]] in [[South America]]. Because the northernmost point of [[Fernandina Island]] lies just inside the northern hemisphere, it is possible for these penguins to make regular incursions into the north. | ||
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===The Arctic: a habitat unfit for penguins=== | ===The Arctic: a habitat unfit for penguins=== | ||
Penguins have certainly not themselves made the [[Arctic]] their home; the Earth's poles are probably too far apart for these [[animal]]s to make the journey. Penguin experts would not recommend introducing a penguin colony towards the [[North Pole]] as they would | Penguins have certainly not themselves made the [[Arctic]] their home; the Earth's poles are probably too far apart for these [[animal]]s to make the journey. Penguin experts would not recommend introducing a penguin colony towards the [[North Pole]] as they would count as an [[invasive species]], possibly disrupting the [[ecosystem]] and disturbing the [[food chain]]; this could threaten other [[wildlife]]. Alternatively, penguins would be unable to [[competition|compete]] successfully with local species, meaning they would succumb to [[starvation]], [[disease]] or [[predation]]. | ||
===Penguins artificially introduced to the Arctic=== | ===Penguins artificially introduced to the Arctic=== | ||
Despite fears that penguins would not survive in Arctic conditions, groups of these animals ''have'' been introduced to the north. In the [[nineteenth century]], the [[great auk]] was [[hunting|hunted]] to [[extinction]] by [[whaling|whalers]]; 1930s [[science|scientist]]s speculated that penguins could fill this [[ecological niche]], providing a source of [[meat]] and [[egg]]s.<ref>Modern science has also noted the similarities between the unrelated species of penguins and auks as an example of [[convergent evolution]]; see Van Tuinen ''et al''. (2001: 1349-1350).</ref> In 1936, a team from the [[Norwegian Nature Protection Society]] led by [[Carl Schoyen]] released nine [[king penguin]]s in northern [[Norway]]. In 1938, a separate group released several [[macaroni penguin|macaroni]] and [[jackass penguin]]s into the same region. For most individual penguins, the trail then went cold; one was certainly killed by a local huntswoman who apparently mistook it for a [[demon]], and another was caught on a [[fishing]] line as late as 1944, apparently in good [[health]]. No others were conclusively sighted.<ref>''[[New Scientist]]'': '[http://www.newscientist.com/backpage.ns?id=mg18725133.000 Job swap].' 20th August 2005.</ref> | Despite fears that penguins would not survive in Arctic conditions, groups of these animals ''have'' been introduced to the north. In the [[nineteenth century]], the [[great auk]] was [[hunting|hunted]] to [[extinction]] by [[whaling|whalers]]; 1930s [[science|scientist]]s speculated that penguins could fill this [[ecological niche]], providing a source of [[meat]] and [[egg]]s.<ref>Modern science has also noted the similarities between the unrelated species of penguins and auks as an example of [[convergent evolution]]; see Van Tuinen ''et al''. (2001: 1349-1350).<blockquote>Van Tuinen M, Butvill DB, Kirsch JAW & Hedges SB (2001) '[http://evo.bio.psu.edu/hedgeslab/Publications/PDF-files/128.pdf Convergence and divergence in the evolution of aquatic birds]'. ''Proceedings of the Royal Society B'' 268: 1345-1350.</blockquote></ref> In 1936, a team from the [[Norwegian Nature Protection Society]] led by [[Carl Schoyen]] released nine [[king penguin]]s in northern [[Norway]]. In 1938, a separate group released several [[macaroni penguin|macaroni]] and [[jackass penguin]]s into the same region. For most individual penguins, the trail then went cold; one was certainly killed by a local huntswoman who apparently mistook it for a [[demon]], and another was caught on a [[fishing]] line as late as 1944, apparently in good [[health]]. No others were conclusively sighted.<ref>''[[New Scientist]]'': '[http://www.newscientist.com/backpage.ns?id=mg18725133.000 Job swap].' 20th August 2005.</ref> | ||
No further attempts to introduce penguins to the Arctic Circle are on record; any penguins north of the equator are confined to [[zoo]]s, with some also acting as [[mascot]]s for various organisations.<ref>For example, a king penguin from [[Edinburgh Zoo]] has been made an honorary [[regimental sergeant major]] in the [[Norwegian Army]]. See ''[[BBC]] News'': '[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/1495503.stm Penguin picks up military honour]'.</ref><ref>[[Linus Torvalds]], the creator of the [[Linux]] [[operating system]], is from the northern hemisphere nation of [[Finland]], and is also fond of penguins, to the extent that a [[cartoon]] version has become the [[Tux|official Linux mascot]]. Perhaps this tenuous association between penguins and [[Finnish people]] has also encouraged the myth of the 'Arctic penguin'.</ref> | No further attempts to introduce penguins to the Arctic Circle are on record; any penguins north of the equator are confined to [[zoo]]s, with some also acting as [[mascot]]s for various organisations.<ref>For example, a king penguin from [[Edinburgh Zoo]] has been made an honorary [[regimental sergeant major]] in the [[Norwegian Army]]. See ''[[BBC]] News'': '[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/1495503.stm Penguin picks up military honour]'.</ref><ref>[[Linus Torvalds]], the creator of the [[Linux]] [[operating system]], is from the northern hemisphere nation of [[Finland]], and is also fond of penguins, to the extent that a [[cartoon]] version has become the [[Tux|official Linux mascot]]. Perhaps this tenuous association between penguins and [[Finnish people]] has also encouraged the myth of the 'Arctic penguin'.</ref> | ||
==Penguins of the southern hemisphere found further north than usual== | ==Penguins of the southern hemisphere found further north than usual== | ||
Occasionally, other species are spotted much further north than their natural grounds, though still inside the southern hemisphere. As these [[animal]]s make good [[swimming|swimmer]]s, it is possible for them to journey considerable | Occasionally, other species of penguin are spotted much further north than their natural grounds, though still inside the southern hemisphere. As these [[animal]]s make good [[swimming|swimmer]]s, it is possible for them to journey considerable distances, as one [[magellanic penguin]] from southern [[Chile]] proved, the bird travelling 3000 [[mile]]s (5000 [[kilometre]]s) to end up in [[Peru]].<ref>''[[BBC]] News'': [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6647485.stm Confused penguin strays 5,000km].' 11th May 2007.</ref> Larger groups of Antarctic species also regularly wash up on the [[coastline]] of [[Brazil]] every year, having floated thousands of miles on melting [[ice floe]]s or carried off by [[ocean current]]s, perhaps while learning to swim. While this phenomenon has kept Brazilian [[zoo]]s well-supplied with penguins, and given locals the opportunity to take as pets these survivors of [[shark]]-infested waters,<ref>''Guardian'': '[http://www.guardian.co.uk/globalwarming/story/0,7369,423922,00.html Victims of global warming?]' 18th January 2001. The extent to which [[global warming]] is responsible for this movement remains controversial.</ref> more recently the [[Government of Brazil|Brazilian government]] has arranged for hundreds of the birds to be repatriated to Antarctica with the help of the [[Brazilian air force|air force]] and [[Brazilian navy|navy]].<ref>''[[BBC]] News'': [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7652171.stm Lost penguins get Brazil air lift]'. 4th October 2008.</ref><ref>''BBC News'': [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5233312.stm Brazil to take penguins back home].' 31st July 2006.</ref> | ||
==The 'Arctic penguin' and the word 'penguin'== | ==The 'Arctic penguin' and the word 'penguin'== | ||
The [[myth]] of the 'Arctic penguin' persists on the [[internet]],<ref>''Superspoof.com'': [http://www.superspoof.com/penguin Save the Arctic Penguin Campaign]'.</ref> possibly encouraged by various factors, from casual [[birdwatching|birdwatcher]]s mistaking [[auk]]s for penguins, to [[Christmas]] cards featuring penguins alongside northern [[polar bear]]s.<ref>There is also a [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[cruise ship]], the ''[http://www.inveraraypier.com/arcticfacts.html Arctic Penguin]''; how much this name has misled [[tourism|tourist]]s is unknown.</ref> Indeed, one story on the origin of the [[word]] ''penguin'' claims that [[Welsh language|Welsh]]-speaking [[sailor]]s named auks ''pen gwyn'' ('white head'), which were then mistaken for penguins in the northern hemisphere.The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' disputes this story, noting that the [[etymology]] of the word is obscure.<ref>''Askoxford.com - ask the experts'': '[http://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutwordorigins/penguin?view=uk What is the origin of the word 'penguin'?]'.</ref> | The [[myth]] of the 'Arctic penguin' persists on the [[internet]],<ref>''Superspoof.com'': [http://www.superspoof.com/penguin Save the Arctic Penguin Campaign]'.</ref> possibly encouraged by various factors, from casual [[birdwatching|birdwatcher]]s mistaking [[auk]]s for penguins, to [[Christmas]] cards featuring penguins alongside northern [[polar bear]]s.<ref>There is also a [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[cruise ship]], the ''[http://www.inveraraypier.com/arcticfacts.html Arctic Penguin]''; how much this name has misled [[tourism|tourist]]s is unknown.</ref> Indeed, one story on the origin of the [[word]] ''penguin'' claims that [[Welsh language|Welsh]]-speaking [[sailor]]s named auks ''pen gwyn'' ('white head'), which were then mistaken for penguins in the northern hemisphere. The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' disputes this story, noting that the [[etymology]] of the word is obscure.<ref>''Askoxford.com - ask the experts'': '[http://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutwordorigins/penguin?view=uk What is the origin of the word 'penguin'?]'. See [[Penguin#Where does the word 'penguin' originate?|Where does the word 'penguin' originate?]] in the [[Penguin]] article, for more linguistic confusion.</ref> | ||
==Footnotes== | ==Footnotes== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | |||
Latest revision as of 08:42, 12 December 2022
Despite the fact that nearly all penguin species are native to Earth's southern hemisphere, there are, remarkably, penguins in the northern hemisphere as well. These flightless birds are at large in northern waters not only because there are penguin colonies on islands crossing the equator, but also because of two attempts to introduce penguins to the Arctic Circle.
Equatorial penguins
Although most penguins' natural habitat lies well within the southern hemisphere, many do live further north. The Galápagos penguin is the sole equatorial species, living mainly in colonies of several hundred birds on two of the Galápagos Islands west of Ecuador in South America. Because the northernmost point of Fernandina Island lies just inside the northern hemisphere, it is possible for these penguins to make regular incursions into the north.
Penguins in the Arctic Circle
The possibility of penguins in the Arctic Circle living for some time cannot be conclusively ruled out, as there have been at least two attempts to introduce them to the northern hemisphere.
The Arctic: a habitat unfit for penguins
Penguins have certainly not themselves made the Arctic their home; the Earth's poles are probably too far apart for these animals to make the journey. Penguin experts would not recommend introducing a penguin colony towards the North Pole as they would count as an invasive species, possibly disrupting the ecosystem and disturbing the food chain; this could threaten other wildlife. Alternatively, penguins would be unable to compete successfully with local species, meaning they would succumb to starvation, disease or predation.
Penguins artificially introduced to the Arctic
Despite fears that penguins would not survive in Arctic conditions, groups of these animals have been introduced to the north. In the nineteenth century, the great auk was hunted to extinction by whalers; 1930s scientists speculated that penguins could fill this ecological niche, providing a source of meat and eggs.[1] In 1936, a team from the Norwegian Nature Protection Society led by Carl Schoyen released nine king penguins in northern Norway. In 1938, a separate group released several macaroni and jackass penguins into the same region. For most individual penguins, the trail then went cold; one was certainly killed by a local huntswoman who apparently mistook it for a demon, and another was caught on a fishing line as late as 1944, apparently in good health. No others were conclusively sighted.[2]
No further attempts to introduce penguins to the Arctic Circle are on record; any penguins north of the equator are confined to zoos, with some also acting as mascots for various organisations.[3][4]
Penguins of the southern hemisphere found further north than usual
Occasionally, other species of penguin are spotted much further north than their natural grounds, though still inside the southern hemisphere. As these animals make good swimmers, it is possible for them to journey considerable distances, as one magellanic penguin from southern Chile proved, the bird travelling 3000 miles (5000 kilometres) to end up in Peru.[5] Larger groups of Antarctic species also regularly wash up on the coastline of Brazil every year, having floated thousands of miles on melting ice floes or carried off by ocean currents, perhaps while learning to swim. While this phenomenon has kept Brazilian zoos well-supplied with penguins, and given locals the opportunity to take as pets these survivors of shark-infested waters,[6] more recently the Brazilian government has arranged for hundreds of the birds to be repatriated to Antarctica with the help of the air force and navy.[7][8]
The 'Arctic penguin' and the word 'penguin'
The myth of the 'Arctic penguin' persists on the internet,[9] possibly encouraged by various factors, from casual birdwatchers mistaking auks for penguins, to Christmas cards featuring penguins alongside northern polar bears.[10] Indeed, one story on the origin of the word penguin claims that Welsh-speaking sailors named auks pen gwyn ('white head'), which were then mistaken for penguins in the northern hemisphere. The Oxford English Dictionary disputes this story, noting that the etymology of the word is obscure.[11]
Footnotes
- ↑ Modern science has also noted the similarities between the unrelated species of penguins and auks as an example of convergent evolution; see Van Tuinen et al. (2001: 1349-1350).
Van Tuinen M, Butvill DB, Kirsch JAW & Hedges SB (2001) 'Convergence and divergence in the evolution of aquatic birds'. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 268: 1345-1350.
- ↑ New Scientist: 'Job swap.' 20th August 2005.
- ↑ For example, a king penguin from Edinburgh Zoo has been made an honorary regimental sergeant major in the Norwegian Army. See BBC News: 'Penguin picks up military honour'.
- ↑ Linus Torvalds, the creator of the Linux operating system, is from the northern hemisphere nation of Finland, and is also fond of penguins, to the extent that a cartoon version has become the official Linux mascot. Perhaps this tenuous association between penguins and Finnish people has also encouraged the myth of the 'Arctic penguin'.
- ↑ BBC News: Confused penguin strays 5,000km.' 11th May 2007.
- ↑ Guardian: 'Victims of global warming?' 18th January 2001. The extent to which global warming is responsible for this movement remains controversial.
- ↑ BBC News: Lost penguins get Brazil air lift'. 4th October 2008.
- ↑ BBC News: Brazil to take penguins back home.' 31st July 2006.
- ↑ Superspoof.com: Save the Arctic Penguin Campaign'.
- ↑ There is also a Scottish cruise ship, the Arctic Penguin; how much this name has misled tourists is unknown.
- ↑ Askoxford.com - ask the experts: 'What is the origin of the word 'penguin'?'. See Where does the word 'penguin' originate? in the Penguin article, for more linguistic confusion.