Talk:Monty Hall problem: Difference between revisions

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== External link ==
Richard, CZ does not allow self-promotion. Therefore I removed the link to [http://www.math.leidenuniv.nl/~gill/essential_MHP.html your paper].
I hope you understand this and agree with it.
After some progress has been made with the main article, we may put it (together with other references) on the Bibliography subpage.
--[[User:Peter Schmitt|Peter Schmitt]] 23:18, 15 January 2011 (UTC)
:I agree that we ought to see how the article progresses, but I wouldn't see a problem with adding that particular paper to the Bibliography if the math editors think it is appropriate since it is specifically about the subject and he is not selling anything.  It also helps to let someone else place the link for you.  [[User:D. Matt Innis|D. Matt Innis]] 00:28, 16 January 2011 (UTC)
::Agree, at a quick glance the paper does not appear to be specific self-promotion, but it should not be on the main page.
::Go ahead and add it to the Bibliography page and let's encourage a maths editor to review it for appropriateness.
::I'd like to see this article expanded fairly quickly; at present it doesn't tell us exactly what the Monty Hall problem is.  Putting the definition as the introduction would probably be enough of a start.
::[[User:Aleta Curry|Aleta Curry]] 00:43, 16 January 2011 (UTC)
::: That's about what I thought. I was, however, uncertain if current policy classifies such a link as self-promotion. Was I saying it too unfriendly? But, in any case, the link cannot replace an unwritten article. --[[User:Peter Schmitt|Peter Schmitt]] 00:52, 16 January 2011 (UTC)
:::::Oh, I don't know about unfriendly, but Richard is new here so I didn't want him to think his efforts were unappreciated. [[User:Aleta Curry|Aleta Curry]] 01:09, 16 January 2011 (UTC)
::::While we may indeed need to clarify the policy with an EC motion, I've never thought that a link to a clearly noncommercial page is self-promotion. This is even more the case when pointing to one's own peer-reviewed publications and presentations, which I have done -- I might not have written them if I thought there were better references. [[User:Howard C. Berkowitz|Howard C. Berkowitz]] 01:05, 16 January 2011 (UTC)
:::::I had some discussion about this with Larry years ago, with respect to using one's own articles if one were a) an authority in the field or b) the only person writing in the field!  His answer, basically, was 'use common sense and ask an(other) Editor to review/confirm'.
:::::[[User:Aleta Curry|Aleta Curry]] 01:09, 16 January 2011 (UTC)
Thanks everyone. The point of the reference was just to be a resource for anyone interested in joining in. Over on Wikipedia a fight has been going on for two years, basically between laypersons who find a short intuitive solution of MHP completely satsfying, and mathematicians who dogmatically insist on a tricky solution using Bayes theorem. My own modest contribution (he said modestly) was merely to present the mathematical facts of the matter and go some way to resolving the Wikipedia conflict. Partly, by creating a "reliable source" (wikipeda terminology) for both sides of that battle. Partly by showing that the "full conditional solution" can be obtained by making one small step from the "popular simple solution" by the use of symmetry - a neat trick which I learnt from our friend Boris in this context! However the paper is too mathematical for most laypersons.
I think it's challenging to get across to laypersons what the difference is between the simple solutions and the conditional solutions, as they are often referred to. More below.
==Problem variant as a cartoon==
I must share a memorable cartoon idea based on this problem, from ''Playboy'' (I read it for the cartoons). The problem is reduced to two doors, and the contestant is faced with legends of "damned if you do" and "damned if you don't". Monty Hall, the game show host, is in devil garb, prodding the contestant with a pitchfork. [[User:Howard C. Berkowitz|Howard C. Berkowitz]] 00:12, 16 January 2011 (UTC)
::As an aside, is Monty Hall his real name, or was it a joke referring to 3 card Monte? [[User:Aleta Curry|Aleta Curry]] 01:09, 16 January 2011 (UTC)
:::I looked it up, Monte Hall was apparently the stage name for Monte Halperin of the TV game show, "Let's make a Deal", so it looks like his mother was the one pulling the 3 card Monte :)[[User:D. Matt Innis|D. Matt Innis]] 01:28, 16 January 2011 (UTC)
:::: There is question related to it: Should this be "Monty Hall Problem" or "Monty Hall problem". I tend to the latter, but this is a question for language experts. --[[User:Peter Schmitt|Peter Schmitt]] 01:33, 16 January 2011 (UTC)
:::::I remember that!  I was...ahem...two years old, of course, but....[[User:Aleta Curry|Aleta Curry]] 01:34, 16 January 2011 (UTC)
:::::: It would be nice, @Howard, to find that cartoon on internet! @Peter, Regarding the P for problem: as a rusty native English speaker who was never all that good at spelling or grammar, I'd say that in plain text, whether you write Monty Hall Problem or Monty Hall problem depends on context. If you are writing about many different problems, then the Monty Hall problem is just one of those many problems. However when you are writing about The Monty Hall Problem capitalization of the P is appropriate. The word is part of the common name of one individual problem. [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 13:07, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
:::::::Hmmm...I think ''Playboy'' rather than ''New Yorker''. When I read Playboy, it ''is'' for the cartoons. [[User:Howard C. Berkowitz|Howard C. Berkowitz]] 21:25, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
==Proposal for main content ==
Apart from history, sources, variants, and so on, the main content of the article should obviously be the presentation of a solution to MHP. The challenge is to simultaneously satisfy mathematical pedants and be intelligible to ordinary lay-persons. This requires an almost purely verbal solution, using only plain words of everyday English, which does however, sentence by sentence, cover every single logical step, including explicit use of all necessary assumptions. That's what I plan to write first. Now. [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 11:22, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
: First try done. Please edit or comment. [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 13:08, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
:: Better than WP, which is however not a compliment: on WP it is too bad. Well, this is just good, I think so.
:: A remark: you mention Bayesian probability (and I understand why), but just above that you use frequentist probability (you count the winning ratio in the long run!). Some readers may be confused. --[[User:Boris Tsirelson|Boris Tsirelson]] 21:03, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
::: You're right. I should remark explicitly on the "paradigm shift". It was kind of deliberate. I think that the "standard" uniformity assumptions of MHP are only well-justified within a subjectivist notion of probability. For a frequentist, it is harder to come up with any probability model or at all, and even if it does make some sense, the probabilities cannot be considered as known in advace. But the frequentist picture is also valuable. Personally, I understand the arithmetic of relative frequencies much better than the "logic" of subjective probability. Fortunately, whatever your personal choice, subjectivist and frequentist probability satisfy the same rules, so I can always give a frequentist story about a subjectivist probability inspired model.
::: One of the wikipedia MHP editors wrote "no one who thinks seriously about MHP cannot avoid pondering on the meaning of probability". My own opinion is that the infinitely many repetitions of the frequentist are equally imaginary to the "parallel worlds" of the subjectivist. Both are equally meta-physical, thus the choice is a matter of opinion, of religion, of choice of meta-phor. The important thing is that we use probability in scientific discourse hence we need some kind of inter-subjectivity. You have to make the repetitions, of whichever kind, appealing and understandable to the people you want to communicate with. [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 23:56, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
:::: I would find a truth table of some sort particularly illustrative in the explaination in the first paragraph or two, showing the 3 possible car locations, the host's choice(s) of doors to open, and the contestants win/loss result of switch/no switch. [[User:David E. Volk|David E. Volk]] 19:36, 27 January 2011 (UTC)
::::: I don't think that a "truth table" or, rather, a tree showing the possibilities is useful. It looks impressive but makes it also look more complicated than it is. There are, essentially, only two distinct cases - the door first chosen is the winning one, or it is not ... (For those looking for such a diagram, it could, perhaps, be put on a subpage.) --[[User:Peter Schmitt|Peter Schmitt]] 20:41, 27 January 2011 (UTC)
:::::: Peter, if we were writing for PhD mathematicians who can obviously grasp that point, I would agree, but others get the aha moment by looking at the possible outcomes.  [[User:David E. Volk|David E. Volk]] 21:13, 27 January 2011 (UTC)
::::::: I very much doubt that a table (as in your sandbox) makes it easier for a "non-mathematician". I rather expect that the non-initiated looks at it and thinks "well, if the mathematicians say that thse are the formulas to use, then I tend to believe it.) The table does not help to understand the crucial point.
::::::: I think it is easier to argue as informally as possible: Your chances are 1 in 3 (or 1 to 2) to choose the winning door first, thus chances are 2 in 3 (or 2 to 1) that you have '''not''' chosen the winning door and switching opens the winning door.
:::::::: Everyone understands that you have a 1/3 chance at the onset, and 2/3 chance of being wrong at the onset, but almost everyone fails to understand why the opening of one door, thus leaving the car behind only one of two closed doors, does not equal a 50:50 chance.  In other words, <b> they fail to see why opening one of the doors <u>does not change your odds</u></b>. A layman thinks, 1 car in 1 of 2 locations = even odds.
:::::::: In this particular problem, the general masses heard the answer of the mathematicians and said no ****** way!. They did not believe that the solution was correct, and still don't after much explaination. [[User:David E. Volk|David E. Volk]] 21:54, 27 January 2011 (UTC)
::::::::: I know the history of the problem and the many disputes caused by it. But calculations, the use of formulas, do not help to '''understand''' the problem. They may help you to '''convince''' the "general masses" because they tend to '''believe''' in mathematical formulas (without bothering to understand them), but not help them to better grasp the solution. --[[User:Peter Schmitt|Peter Schmitt]] 22:19, 27 January 2011 (UTC)
It's clear from the wikipedia MHP wars that different readers need different ways to get their minds around the problem. Some have to see a table of numbers. Some have to see a formal mathematical derivation. Others need the briefest possible verbal argument, anything more overloads their minds. The MHP pages here should, I suppose, also cater for all tastes, while keeping the structure clean and mean.
@Peter: you say "there are essentially two cases: the door chosen by the player hides a car or it hides a goat". This is spot-on of course, and it's the first message which has to be got across. The fights on Wikipedia were about the word "essentially". The probability purists insist on a formal probability calculation by Bayes theorem to show that the identity of the door opened by the player is irrelevant. They are supported by every standard probability textbook. Yet no single popular writer, nor academic writers from psychology, ethology, or whatever, sees the point of this extra complexity. It's an interesting problem of demarcation, of ownership. Who does MHP belong to? [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 08:21, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
:Please pardon the intrusion. I'm not certain that this statement:
::"...they are supported by every standard probability textbook."
:..Is correct. Or maybe the phrasing implies something other than intended. In any case, I don't agree with it. [[User:Garry L. Kanter|Garry L. Kanter]] 08:25, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
:: Pardon my poetic licence! To be precise: I know a *lot* of standard probability and statistics textbooks and all the ones I'm familiar with have MHP as an example or as an exercise, in the early chapter on Bayes theorem for ordinary (discrete) probability. And they all solve it by making the usual uniformity assumptions and by explicit computation of a conditional probability.
:: A good example is the [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/teaching_aids/books_articles/probability_book/book.html textbook by Grinstead and Snell], freely available on internet, and supported by the American Mathematical Society. And it is a pretty good book, too. Yet they have the same dogmatic approach as Morgan et al. Actually the text has been released under the GPL so it can be rewritten by you and me! But I think it would be wise first to contact the authors. [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 11:17, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
Wouldn't it be 'likely' that a textbook on (conditional) probability would uncritically present a formal conditional solution to the MHP? And then, since it's such overkill for the problem, devise reasons & complexities that engage the students (non-symmetric host bias, forgetful Monty, devious Monty), in order to show the capabilities of conditional probability?
I think this is the relevant passage from G & S. They are *not* describing the recognized MHP, nor are they claiming to. They intentionally restate the problem in order to make 'some' point more evident, and less ambiguous:
:"'''We begin by describing a simpler, related question.''' We say that a contestant is using the "stay" strategy if he picks a door, and, if offered a chance to switch to another door, declines to do so (i.e., he stays with his original choice). Similarly, we say that the contestant is using the "switch" strategy if he picks a door, and, if offered a chance to switch to another door, takes the offer. Now suppose that a contestant decides in advance to play the "stay" strategy. His only action in this case is to pick a door (and decline an invitation to switch, if one is offered). What is the probability that he wins a car? The same question can be asked about the "switch" strategy.
:"This very simple analysis, though correct, does not quite solve the problem that Craig posed. Craig asked for the conditional probability that you win if you switch, given that you have chosen door 1 and that Monty has chosen door 3."
:"At this point, the reader may think that the two problems above are the same, since they have the same answers. Recall that we assumed in the original problem if the contestant chooses the door with the car, so that Monty has a choice of two doors, he chooses each of them with probability 1/2. Now suppose instead that in the case that he has a choice, he chooses the door with the larger number with probability 3/4. In the "switch" vs. "stay" problem, the probability of winning with the "switch" strategy is still 2/3."
G & S do *exactly* what I describe above. Which is *not* a criticism of any other solution, just an example of why you *might* need a conditional decision tree or Bayes, '''for some other problem'''. This is why I argue (for 2+ years, now) on Wikipedia that the so-called '5 specific critics' of the simple MHP solutions (of which it is claimed G & S are 1 of the 5) are not necessarily 'critics' at all. [[User:Garry L. Kanter|Garry L. Kanter]] 11:39, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
: G & S say explicitly that the simple solution does not answer Craig's question; and they say explicitly that Craig is asking for the conditional  probability, which they have previously defined as the probability that the player chooses door 1 and the host opens door 3 and the car is behind door 2, divided by the probability that the player chooses door 1 and the host opens door 3. They also say that just because both questions have the same numerical answer it doesn't mean that they are the same question. [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 12:45, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
: And it is exactly the articles and text-books which are written in this vein which have generated the situation that ordinarily decent folks on Wikipedia have been stuck in their WW I opposing trenches for more than two years, waving the same rule book at one another! That is a situation which hopefully will not recur on citizendium. [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 12:56, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
I see. So, as you have done at Wikipedia, you will substitute your own esp as to the author's intent, in place of the actual written English words of the sources. I will not bother to repeat the list of logical errors in your above statement that I prepared on Wikipedia. Good luck to you and Nijdam here at Citizendium, Richard. [[User:Garry L. Kanter|Garry L. Kanter]] 12:58, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
== MHP wars on wikipedia in a nutshell ==
Consider this four step informal/intutive "good" solution to MHP. Do you think the third step - placed in parentheses - is necessary or unnecessary?
* 2/3 of the time the contestant will select a goat
* The host opening a door to reveal a goat doesn't change this.
*(The door being opened being door 3 doesn't change this either)
* Therefore the contestant should switch
Step 1 uses only "car is hidden at random"
Step 3 uses the symmetry (the probability assumptions don't change on renumbering the doors) of adding to the previously used assumption also the assumption "host choice 50-50"
The four-step argument is intuitive and mathematically rigorous at the same time - each step can be converted into formal mathematical language via the use of Bayes' rule.
The "simple solution" or "unconditional solution" corresponds to removing Step 3, the "conditional solution" corresponds to keeping it.  [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 08:23, 28 January 2011 (UTC)
We see how the simple solution does not require the full assumption set: the advantages and disadvantages of both solutions are plainly visible.
:: Removing step 3 is not really a problem.  The problem occurs, I think, in believing that Step 2 is true. It needs to be explained in terms of the possible choices available to the host as to which doors can be opened.  If the contestant chooses correctly, the host has 2 choices of which door to open, and if the contestant chooses incorrectly the host has only 1 choice of door to open.  [[User:David E. Volk|David E. Volk]] 15:18, 28 January 2011 (UTC)
::: This is subtle, @David! And depends rather crucially on how Step 2 is to be understood! I meant: a door is opened revealing a goat, but the number of that door has not yet been revealed to the contestant. With this understanding, Step 2 is easily seen to be true, since it speaks of "a door", not of a specific door. Whether or not the car is behind Door 1, the host will certainly open a door a reveal a goat. The fact that a door is opened revealing a goat does not (under the conditions of the game) give us any information regarding the question "is the car behind Door 1, yes or no?"
::: So once we have completed Step 1 and Step 2 we have arrived at what some people over on wikipedia call "the simple solution". Given a door has been opened revealing a goat (but the identity of the opened door is not yet known), the odds are still 2:1 that Door 1 hides a goat. Hence switching to the other door gives the car with probability 2/3.
::: So far, we ignored the number of the door opened (at least, that was my intention). Let's look at Step 3 - the one in parentheses, which many authors of "popular" solutions ignore. We have fixed that the player chose Door 1. We know in advance that the host is going to open either Door 2 or Door 3, but not which. By the symmetry of the problem with respect to Doors 2 and 3, (including the assumption that the two host's choices are equally likely if he has a choice), the probability the host opens Door 3 given the car is behind Door 1 is 50%, and the probability the host opens Door 3 given the car is not behind Door 1 is 50%. Thus the identity of the Door being opened contains no information about whether or not the car is behind Door 1 - Door 3 has exactly the same chance of being opened under either hypothesis.
::: I learnt this way of solving MHP from wikipedia: Garry Kanter presented the pithy three step solution there i.e. excluding my parenthetical Step 3 !
::: What I like about this approach is that it is at the same time intuitive and mathematically formalizable. Rather than doing mindless computations using the formal definition of conditional probability (which is what formal solutions using Bayes's theorem in its common text-book form do) it uses the very intuitive Bayes' rule: posterior odds equals prior odds times likelihood ratio. And it is crafted so that the likelihood ratio is always 1, that is to say, each new piece of information has the same chance under the two competing hypotheses, hence is actually non-information. From an educationalist point of view, I would like to see ordinary people be able to gain some probabilistic intuition by becoming familiar with and hence being able to internalize Bayes' rule.
::: There is trickiness in the ambiguous wording "a door is opened". Line 2 has to have added to it "the number of the opened door is not yet revealed to the contestant".
::: People with a formal training in probability tend to find Step 3 absolutely crucial. They insist that the competitor's choice must be guided by the conditional probability that the car is behind Door 2 given the host has opened Door 3. Those without formal training in probability theory tend to see absolutely no value in it, because of the combination of semantic ambiguity and the mathematical fact that the number of the door opened is indeed irrelevant regarding the decision of whether to switch of stay. (Which can be seen in many ways, and used in a formal proof in many ways - at the outset or at the end or somewhere in the middle).
::: In mathematical language: given the contestant has chosen Door 1, whether or not the car is behind Door 1 is statistically independent of whether the host opens Door 2 or Door 3.[[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 20:39, 28 January 2011 (UTC)
:::: Let us put a hypothetical Step 1a between Steps 1 and 2: The host asks you if you want to switch provided you win if the car is behind one of the two doors. Switching clearly doubles the chances. After you switched, the host teases you by opening the (a) losing door first before revealing whether you have won. Since it is already decided whether you have won this does not change the odds. --[[User:Peter Schmitt|Peter Schmitt]] 21:33, 28 January 2011 (UTC)
== Another problem ==
I recall when the original vos Savant column came out and the thousands of letters it generated. To me, the biggest problem was believing that the woman with supposedly the highest IQ in the world was actually named "von Savant" (I mistakenly thought it was "von", not "vos".)  It seemed to me like a supreme put-on.  It wasn't until many years later, when the Internet, and, I suppose, Wikipedia, had come along, that I Googled this improbable name and discovered, to my astonishment, that it was an actual name. As if the *stupidest* person in the world was actually named George vos Dumb.... [[User:Hayford Peirce|Hayford Peirce]] 21:01, 27 January 2011 (UTC)
== New Guy Here... ==
Hi, I've been very active in the Wikipedia MHP discussions for 2+ years. No real CV to speak of, just a lot of OCD.
I prepared this decision tree to explain the 'simple solutions'. The other Wikipedia editors did not feel it was worthy of inclusion in the article. It is derived from Carlton's simple solution, and from Morgan's (false) F5.
{{Image|Tree -3.jpg|center|600px|Simple solution decision tree}}
I think it is an informative representation of what has been referred to as the (elusive) 'Peaceful Co-existance' of the simple and the conditional solutions. I welcome any comments as to it's suitability for and benefit to the article. [[User:Garry L. Kanter|Garry L. Kanter]] 15:30, 28 January 2011 (UTC)
: I think the words "say Door 2" and "Door 3" should be deleted from the picture, because the host's choice is not part of the probability story told in the picture. You could give the picture without those words, and then remark that by symmetry the number of the door opened by the host doesn't change the likelihood that the car is behind the door chosen by the player. But then I don't really see the added value in having the picture.
: The thoughts of some other citizens, both experts and laymen with regards to probability, would be interesting. [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 15:41, 30 January 2011 (UTC)
== Should The Contestant Switch? - A Simple Solution To The Door 3 Has Been Opened Problem - Without The 50/50 Host Bias Premise ==
=== Preamble ===
What you are about to read comes from the mind of a lay person. It is unvetted. But I think it is valid, correct, and complete.
I will leave out some supporting arguments for clarity, but welcome questions, and I think I am prepared for them.
This solution relies on Logic/Philosophy rather than Conditional Probability.
As I am often told that I misuse them, I will do my best to avoid technical terms and jargon.
=== The Paradox ===
:* "Why is it 2/3 & 1/3 rather than 1/2 & 1/2?"
=== The Problem Statement Of Interest ===
:* "Suppose you are on a game show..."
=== The Critical Premise ===
The only valid host biases (when faced with 2 goats) that can be incorporated into the Monty Hall Problem paradox are
:* 50/50 - as per Selvin's 2nd letter
:* unstated - as per vos Savant, as interpreted by Morgan
:* Any hypothetical host bias, a la Morgan, is for academic purposes only, or to show the greater generalization capabilities of formal conditional solutions
=== The Differences Between Logic and Probability ===
==== The Result  ====
:* The contestant faces a situation where a *decision* is required, not a *precise numeric calculation*
:* Being on a game show, the contestant has the presumption that the car distribution and the host bias are random
:* If the above statement were not the case, the contestant *will not* be informed of any other method of car distribution or how the host decides between 2 goats
==== Different Standards ====
:* From what I can gather from 2+ years of discussions, relying upon 'Symmetry' or 'random and uniform' in probability requires a *certainty* that events are equally likely
:* From what I have experienced in real life, and from solving puzzles, a Logical model only requires the *the absence of evidence that indicates otherwise*
::: (RDG-1) I think you have misunderstood something. You are on the game show and know nothing except for the rules, which are: the three doors hide two goats and one car. You will choose a door. The host will open another door and reveal a goat and offer a switch - which he can always do since he knows the location of the car. For you therefore the host is equally likely to open Door 2 or Door 3. This is sometimes called "logical probability". There ought to be an article on it on wikipedia or citizendium or both. I suppose by being certain that the two doors are equally likely you would mean that a totally reliable informant has told you that the host chooses which door to open, if he has a choice, by using a fair randomizer. That would certainly imply that for you the host is equally likely to open either door. But it is a rather special case, and it doesn't apply to MHP since we are not given any such information. [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 13:17, 30 January 2011 (UTC)
Richard, maybe you could directly address the 2 statements I made? I'm simply tying to differentiate between being given premises like these from K & W:
:* 'The car and the goats were placed randomly behind the doors before the show.'
:* 'If both remaining doors have goats behind them, he chooses one [uniformly] at random.'
and these, that I devised about a game show, which I think you labeled as 'logical probability':
:* 'The contestant, having no information as to where the car is, [and in the absence of evidence to the contrary] assumes each door is equally likely.'
:* 'The contestant being unaware of the host's strategy when he has 2 goats, [and in the absence of evidence to the contrary] assumes each door is equally likely to be opened.'
I'm trying to understand if 'logical probability' can be used for the symmetry portion of the simple solution + symmetry + tlop solutions. Or, what is the difference between 'logical probability' and the 'special case of the fair randomizer' (or K & W's premises)? Or, if using the the logic that all 6 door pairings are equally likely, then an indifferent simple solution solves the specific door 1 and door 3 conditional problem by itself. [[User:Garry L. Kanter|Garry L. Kanter]] 13:37, 30 January 2011 (UTC)
:I wouldn't say that your logical contestant *assumes* each door is equally likely. For your logical contestant each door *is* equally likely.
: According to Laplace, probabilies are *defined* by splitting up all events into equally likely outcomes. From this definition he goes on to define independence of events, and conditional probability of one event given another, in terms of the probabilities already assigned to various events. So everything for him is defined in terms of just one so-called "primitive notion" of "equally likely". Laplace set a firm tradition - from then on, almost everyone started with some kind of primitive concept of probability, and then conditional probability and probabilistic independence in terms of probabilities of other events.
: Now Laplace's "equally likely" outcomes are often determined by looking for the symmetries in a problem. You want to avoid probability calculus altogether, and in particular the notion of conditional probability, but you do have a notion of probabilistic independence, and you want to use symmetry to decide if it can be applied. It seems to me that there is nothing wrong with your logic. However, since a large part of the world already uses standard probability calculus, it has been told by the High Priests that this is the only way to solve probability problems. It is quite important that your logic of probability does not clash with standard probability. And it doesn't. Your simple solution together with the remark that by symmetry the probability of winning by switching can't depend on the specific door numbers involved is equivalent to a solution written in terms of the standard probability calculus. [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 20:45, 30 January 2011 (UTC)
No, Richard. This is an incorrect statement:
:"You want to avoid probability calculus altogether..."
I condition on the 100% likelihood the host will reveal a goat from another door and offer the switch. I am *not* concerned about conditioning on the irrelevant door #s. [[User:Garry L. Kanter|Garry L. Kanter]]
: You are not concerned about conditioning on the door #s because you know that they are irrelevant. By saying that they are irrelevant and giving a good reason for this - symmetry - you have taken account of them, hence you have given a complete solution.
: You want to completely solve MHP using ordinary logic and common language only. That is what I meant by saying that you want to avoid probability calculus. Your solution is complete in the sense that it can be translated into formal mathematics with no effort whatsoever, and when that has been done, your solution is the so-called conditional solution of the probability purists over on wikipedia. [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 09:40, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
=== The Critical Reasoning ===
:* The contestant has no reason to think any of the 6 'door selected and door opened pairings' have different likelihoods than the other 5, each at 2/3 & 1/3
:* Door 1 selected and door 3 opened is one of the 6 pairings described above
:* [extra reasoning] The contestant has no reason to think the door 1 and door 3 pairing is somehow contrary to the 2/3 & 1/3 he calculated, and that his door has a (much) greater than 50% likelihood of being the car
::: (RDG-2) I earlier found it difficult to understand what you meant about the 6 different pairings having different likelihoods. You were talking about the likelihood of the car being behind the chosen door or not. You're saying that there is no reason to think that for any of the six different values of (door chosen, door opened, door remaining) the likelihood that it corresponds to (car, goat, goat) or to (goat, goat, car) is different. This is the "symmetry argument" again, applied to your logical probabilities. Here you use it to show that the numbers on the doors are independent of the relationship between their manifest and their hidden roles, by the symmetry of your knowledge or lack thereof. The initially chosen door has a chance of 2/3 to hide a goat. The numbers written on this door and on the door opened by the host don't change this chance. The contestant's chance of his first door hiding a goat remain 2/3, whatever the pairing. [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 13:26, 30 January 2011 (UTC)
I'm trying to point out that the contestant *wouldn't* have any reason to think any of the 6 pairings (contestant's door, remaining door) have odds other than 1/3 & 2/3. I'm trying to present a rigorous logical argument to explain why the contestant would switch for the specific door 1 and door 3 pairing, rather than using a simple solution + symmetry + tlop. [[User:Garry L. Kanter|Garry L. Kanter]] 13:44, 30 January 2011 (UTC)
: And I think that the two arguments are equivalent. What I call simple solution plus symmetry (which I wrote up in my Statistical Neerlandica article in order to provide a "reliable source" for future generations) is, I think, a translation of what you call "a rigorous logical argument" into the formal language of elementary probability calculus. Which is, after all, nothing but the translation of logical reasoning into mathematics, see Laplace's popular treatise from 1815 or thereabouts. Fascinating reading! [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 11:11, 2 February 2011 (UTC)
=== The Simple Solution ===
:* The contestant knows that he would select a goat 2/3 of the time
:* The contestant receives no information as to the location of the car when the host opens door 3 to reveal a goat
:::The original distribution of the goats is 2/3, 2/3, 2/3
:::The contestant selecting a door does not change the above
:* The contestant has no reason to think the door 1 and door 3 pairing has a likelihood other than 2/3 & 1/3
:* The contestant doubles his likelihood of winning the car by switching
=== The Conclusion - Another Paradox ===
:* I've shown that absent the 50/50 host bias premise, the simple solutions return the result 2/3 & 1/3 for the problem where the host revealed a goat behind door 3
:* The formal conditional solutions cannot calculate any probabilities without a host bias premise to plug in
:* Morgan is wrong that the simple solutions, without the 50/50 host bias premise do not solve the door 1 selected & door 3 revealed MHP.
:* In fact, simple solutions are the only solutions that are consistent with the paradox 'Why is it 2/3 & 1/3 rather than 1/2 & 1/2 ?" without requiring a 50/50 host bias premise.
Actually, I may not have left out any supporting stuff. I welcome your responses, below. [[User:Garry L. Kanter|Garry L. Kanter]] 01:39, 29 January 2011 (UTC)
=== Responses ===
=== Response by Richard Gill ===
See responses (RDG-1) and (RDG-2) above. It seems to me that your arguments are in essence the same as the simple solution ("switching gives the car with probability 2/3") completed with the symmetry argument ("switching gives the car with conditional probability 2/3, conditional on the door number of the initial player choice and of the door opened by the host").
Splendid! What I have always wanted to see is a translation of the conditional solution into ordinary layperson's language, and that is what you have been pushing for too. [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 13:37, 30 January 2011 (UTC)
:No, I'm trying to make the case that using logic rather than probability, that the [conditional] simple solutions, on their own, solve the conditional door 3 has been opened problem. That is, they don't need to rely on symmetry to do whatever it is you and Boris say simple + symmetry + lotp accomplish. [[User:Garry L. Kanter|Garry L. Kanter]] 13:50, 30 January 2011 (UTC)
:: You are using logic first to argue that a certain event has a likelihood of 2/3 (2/3 chance that your initial choice hides a goat) and then to show that this likelihood can't depend on some further information (the identity of the door opened by the host). I would say "no reason the odds should be different for any of the six pairings" is the same as saying that by symmetry, the conditional probability must be the same as the unconditional.
:: Students of probability might find the hint (law of total probability) useful to show that the calculus of probability does conform to one's logical expectations. The old hands don't need the hint.
:: Well, it will be interesting to see what some further citizens think, both those who are expert in probability, and those who are not. [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 15:25, 30 January 2011 (UTC)
:::I have no background in maths, statistics etc. and took a while to understand the problem (days, actually). What made it click for me was the part which mentions playing the game many times. I imagined 99 repetitions of the game with the car randomly behind any of the doors each time. Obviously, if the player sticks to door #1 each time, he'll win about 33 times, on average. But if he switches on all 99 plays, he'll lose the car only on the roughly 33 occasions that it really was behind door #1 to start with, i.e. he wins about 66 out of 99 times, which is 2/3 odds. [[User:John Stephenson|John Stephenson]] 15:57, 30 January 2011 (UTC)
:::: Nice comment, @John. Initially almost everyone gives the wrong answer to vos Savant's question (I was no exception, and I'm a professor of probability and statistics). People do tend to worry for several days before suddenly getting an understanding of it. The present draft article needs a lot of work, and in particular it should start with a collection of different ways which different people find useful to understand why the answer is *not* "no point in switching, it's 50-50". My mother (now aged 94) is the only person I know who almost immediately gave the right answer, when I told her about the problem a couple of years ago. She had imagined the problem altered to 100 doors. You choose one door. Not very likely that the car is behind it. The host then throws 98 doors open revealing 98 goats and asks if you'ld like to switch to the one door left closed. I think almost everyone would switch immediately. My mother had no formal mathematics education. She was however one of Turing's "computers" at Bletchley Park during WW2 - the computers were the many young ladies who turned the handles on the calculating machines applying Turing's algorithm to break the Eniga code. [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 20:17, 30 January 2011 (UTC)
::::: Yes, this was ''the'' intuitive explanation I gave to my first-year math students ("Introduction to probability" course) just after formal analysis. I made a little spectacle pretending to be the host that opens the 98 doors. When skipping one I glanced with meaning to the audience, and the hint was well taken! --[[User:Boris Tsirelson|Boris Tsirelson]] 19:47, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
:::::: This needs to be in the article. With a link to a youtube video from your course, Boris. [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 07:34, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
== The table at the end of the article ==
The first column appears to add to 1 1/3. In the next to last column, I think row 1 should have a value of 0 or n/a. In the last column, I think row 4 should have a value of 0 or n/a.[[User:Garry L. Kanter|Garry L. Kanter]] 12:45, 30 January 2011 (UTC)
: The first two cells of the first column are the same. They should be merged into one box. And I think it would be better to write "Probability..." rather than "p=.." everywhere. The "p" in each column is the probability or conditional probability or joint probability of something different in each column. This table is really the same as the original Carlton decision tree. [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 15:31, 30 January 2011 (UTC)
You crack me up, Richard. Instead of saying, 'Oh, good point(s), I'll fix those', you explain the table to me as if I've never seen anything like it before in my life. I have, though. Which I *think* you should be aware of.
I understand the problem with the 1st columns, and any 'common man' would, like me, find it poor form, and easy to criticize, and then call into doubt the rest of the table. One of Morgan's criticisms of vos Savant's solution is that the 'door 2 opened' outcome cannot happen. The Wikipedia article version of Chun's decision tree highlights these outcomes in red. But it's your table, and I presume there's no single 'right way' to present the info. Make it any way you want.
It seems you instinctively respond to my comments as if you think I don't quite grasp the 'complexities' and 'subtleties' of various aspects of the MHP. I hope soon I will have (finally) demonstrated such rudimentary skills. [[User:Garry L. Kanter|Garry L. Kanter]] 12:04, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
: It's not my table, Garry. I didn't put it there. And it is not my page. Anyway, anything placed on citizendium is available under a Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 licence. This is called "collaborative editing".  My remarks were intended for anyone who cares to get to work and improve the table, in particular, the fellow citizen who put it there. I am not good at formatting tables. [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 16:46, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
:: Clearly I am not great at tables either, otherwise I would have color coordinated the first two rows and the 3rd & 4th to indicate the two situations possible (chose right/wrong initially). No time to work on it now tho, but I see that quite a discussion has started on this page. [[User:David E. Volk|David E. Volk]] 20:46, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
::: Thanks David! It is good to have such a table in the article (I moved it to a better place and added some text, OK?). And I hope a table-expert will improve it. [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 07:32, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
== Conditional Probability on Citizendium ==
I think that a formal probability anaysis of MHP belongs as an illustration on the pages on [[conditional probability]], rather than on MHP itself. That page is pretty awful... (I think). [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 11:48, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
: Sure it is ridiculously short for "one of the most important concepts in probability theory". --[[User:Boris Tsirelson|Boris Tsirelson]] 19:51, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
== Conditional probability with MHP ==
In the article, Richard Gill presents a player who picks door 1 and due to some assumptions, hits the car with probability 1/3. And indeed such players will get the car 2/3 of the times when switching, The point however is, this (logically) does not guarantee the same for the actual player, who not only picked door 1, but also sees door 3 opened with a goat. The difference between players in general and any specific player seems to grow into a big issue in the MHP discussions. Yet in the past I seldom heard of anyone considering this, let us call it unconditional, formulation. It seems however that gradually, in order in my opinion to justify the unconditional probability as a solution, people tend to defend this. [[User:Wietze Nijdam|Wietze Nijdam]] 21:19, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
: The way I started off this article, it contains two solutions: the first one is a so-called simple or unconditional solution. The second one is a full conditional solution, but presented in ordinary (non-technical) language. Later another editor has added a probability table, from which one can read off both a simple solution and a conditional solution.
: I think that several more sections need to be added to the article. For instance
::* History
::* Formal solutions
::* Variants
::* Why do people get it wrong?
::* Game theory and economics
:By formal solutions I mean solutions written out using probability calculus, the kinds of solutions that teachers of first probability courses for mathematicians want their students to write out. Just as there are many simple solutions there are also many routes within standard probability calculus to getting good solutions, so this section should also present various approaches. [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 07:09, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
::There are two separate styles of 'simple solutions':
:::*  The unconditional, as presented by Selvin and vos Savant with simple tables listing each possible combination of car location, door selection and door revealed.
:::* The conditional, which shows that the selected door choice's 2/3 odds of being a goat don't change when multiplied by 100% (the host has revealed a goat behind one of the other doors).
::Posted by [[User:Garry L. Kanter|Garry L. Kanter]] 07:15, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
::: Garry, I think your notion of "simple solution" and "conditional solution" differs from the notion which some editors on wikipedia were using. I think most people there meant, by a conditional solution, a solution using the calculus of probability and computing the conditional probability of switching giving the car given the door opened by the host. By a simple solution they meant a solution which in terms of the calculus of probability computes the unconditional probability that switching gives the car. [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 07:29, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
::::You are likely correct, Richard. They are incorrect/imprecise/making assumptions in their terminology. Probably purposely. [[User:Garry L. Kanter|Garry L. Kanter]] 07:54, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
::::: If you've learnt formal probability then you've been taught that that is the only way to solve probability problems. [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 09:29, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
::::::I find that response flippant, contrary to the levels of precision you have been (counter-productively) holding me accountable to, and not relevant to the discussion. Remember that innocent nurse who went to jail because of lousy math assumptions by some detective? Misinterpreting the English language used by reliable sources in order to promote some ideology is not a condition for solving probability problems. Besides, the MHP is as much (more) logic as probability.
::::::Are you actually suggesting there is no difference in the 2 types of solutions I described? Please expand on that viewpoint. [[User:Garry L. Kanter|Garry L. Kanter]] 11:26, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
::::::: No. I find your terminology confusing. That's all. BTW the lousy Maths assumptions which put an innocent nurse in jail were made by a senior professor in law psychology at a prestigious criminality research institute, with large experience in social geography and economics, a master's degree in mathematical  statistics, and a CV as impressive as mine. Hence his words "one in 342 million" had such impact both on the judges in the court, and on journalists reporting on the case in the media. [[User:Richard D. Gill|Richard D. Gill]] 13:08, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
{{civil}}


== General remarks ==
== General remarks ==

Revision as of 09:13, 2 February 2011

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 Definition:  (also called the "three-doors problem") A much discussed question concerning the best strategy in a specific game show situation. [d] [e]
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General remarks

This talk page has quickly become very long with a difficult to follow structure. I'd like to make a few general remarks:

  • Let us avoid to repeat and continue the endless (and mostly useless) discussion of this problem.
  • The MHP is not a "paradox". Its solution may be surprising, but it is not paradoxical.
  • There are not two (or more) "solutions".
  • Once the question has been unambiguously posed there is only one solution -- the correct solution.
  • There may be (essentially) different arguments leading to this correct solution.
  • There may be several (didactically) different ways to present the same argument.

What should an article on the MHP contain (with the reader searching information in mind)? My answer:

  • It should state the problem and present its solution as brief and as clear (and in an as informal language) as possible.
  • It should summarize the history of the problem and the disputes it has caused.
  • It should not contain a large amount of historical details, different approaches, discussion of subtleties, etc. that the ordinary reader will not want, and that would probably be confusing for him.

Supplementary material can be presented on subpages or separate pages:

  • A page on the detailed history of the problem.
  • A page on the discussion caused by the problem.
  • A (Catalog) subpage containing various ways to present the solution(s). It may help a reader to find an explanation he likes.

--Peter Schmitt 13:42, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

I agree with everything you say here Peter, except for one thing. MHP is defined (IMHO) by the definitely ambiguous words of Marilyn Vos Savant quoted in the article. Both before her popularization of the problem, and later, different authorities have translated or transformed her problem into definitely different mathematically unambiguous problems. And I'm only referring to problems to which the solution is "switch"! That is part of the reason why there is, I think, not a unique "correct solution" - there are as many correct solutions as there are decent unambiguous formulations.
I think there are two particularly common solutions: one focusing on the probability of winning by switching, and the other focussing on the conditional probability of switching given the specific doors chosen and opened. The present draft intro contains both. Richard D. Gill 23:26, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
Is it possible to create subpages to a Talk page? We need to separate discussion about how to set an MHP article which will be useful for a broad range of readers, from theological discussion on matters of deep principle which really belong in the International Journal of MHP Studies. Richard D. Gill 10:53, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

Edit

I changed the following sentences from the intro:

One could say that when the contestant initially chooses Door 1, the host is offering the contestant a choice between his initial choice Door 1, or Doors 2 and 3 together.

The previous solution used a frequentist picture: probability refers to relative frequency in many repetitions. Also, it didn't address the issue of whether the specific door opened by the host is relevant. Could it be that the decision to switch should depend on whether the host opens Door 2 or Door 3?

into:

The previous solution used a frequentist picture: probability refers to relative frequency in many repetitions. Also, it didn't address the issue of whether the specific door opened by the host is relevant. Could it be that the decision to switch should depend on whether the host opens Door 2 or Door 3?

One could say that in general a contestant, who initially chooses Door 1, is offered a choice between his initial choice Door 1, or Doors 2 and 3 together. However the contestant in a specific issue of the game show, who initially chooses Door 1, also sees an opened door, in the problem as an example this is Door 3.

This was reverted by Garry. Any opinion of other editors? Wietze Nijdam 21:49, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

My original draft was shorter and, I think, more neutral. First an executive summary of the preceding (one door versus two). Then an intro to a more detailed analysis, which makes a further assumption - neutrality of expectations w.r.t. the host's choice - and which argues that the earlier result, probability of winning by switching is 2/3, doesn't depend on *which* door was opened by the host. Somewhere else in the article both arguments can be written out in formal probability language for the benefit of students of probability. I think that such readers are the only ones who need to bother about the nicety of whether we should be determining an unconditional or a conditional probability. So in the intro we shouldn't make heavy weather of it. Let the reader who's able and interested to appreciate the subtlties make their own mind up, what they think about them.
The introductory sections need to be accessible to all, and need to concentrate on the "paradox" (a paradox is an apparent contradiction which vanishes on closer inspection) that the result is "switch" not "you might as well stay".
I did my best though to include in such an introductory section a purely verbal/logical version of the "conditional" result! I think that's a major (collective) achievement, the result of years' discussions on Wikipedia.
Also I deliberately drew attention to the possibility of there being different ways to think of probability. Hopefully not in an obtrusive way, but just enough to show that this can also be a matter of debate. And in order to accommodate readers of different persuasions. And to hint at the issue that your probabilistic assumptions will be tied to your interpretation thereof. Richard D. Gill 22:25, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
If the problem is formulated in such a way that the contestant is offered to switch after the host has opened the goat door, the simple solution, the one you present first, is not adequate. And the sentence: One could say that when the contestant initially chooses Door 1, the host is offering the contestant a choice between his initial choice Door 1, or Doors 2 and 3 together. has no bearing. The problem with such presentation is that some readers might get the wrong idea about the problem and its solution. That's why I want to make this clear from the start. Wietze Nijdam 10:19, 2 February 2011 (UTC)
Sorry Wietze, but in my opinion what you say is "just" your opinion, not a universal truth. We two disagree, right? And both of us have thought a long time about it. Please try contributing to the many other sections which need to be written. And please let's make it fun, let's make it rewarding, not confrontational, for other authors, to join in too. Already this talk page has lost all structure and focus. As @Peter Schmitt wrote, there is a whole load of serious work to be done. Let's reserve the Wikipedia talk pages for the Never Ending Discussion (which reminded one "mediator" of an elderly couple bickering because they have got so addicted to it).
You could also consider writing some good material on probability, Bayes, conditioning. That's the clever way to support your point of view. Just repeating a dogma is the worse way to convince other people.Richard D. Gill 10:35, 2 February 2011 (UTC)
Well Richard, you said yourself on Wikipedia that the simple solution does not solve the conditional formulation. So it is not "just" my opinion, it is yours as well, don't you remember? Let's see what other authors think about it. Wietze Nijdam 11:00, 2 February 2011 (UTC)
I also wrote extensively that I don't think that the conditional formulation is the only legitimate formulation. Richard D. Gill 15:07, 2 February 2011 (UTC)
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