Psychoanalysis: Difference between revisions
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Freud began a private practice in Vienna in 1886 through 1896, in which he abstracted concepts from his observations of his patients. | Freud began a private practice in Vienna in 1886 through 1896, in which he abstracted concepts from his observations of his patients. | ||
<!-- Using such techniques as [[dream interpretation]], [[free association]], [[transference]] and analysis of the [[id, ego and superego]], his colleagues developed a system of psychotherapy termed ''[[psychoanalysis]]''. --> | <!-- Using such techniques as [[dream interpretation]], [[free association]], [[transference]] and analysis of the [[id, ego and superego]], his colleagues developed a system of psychotherapy termed ''[[psychoanalysis]]''. --> | ||
trying to help patients as well as himself, developed a provocative and influential [[theory]] of [[psychoanalysis]]. Freud suggested that persons go through so-called ''psychosexual stages'' of development which he named ''oral'' (sucking and eating as a baby), ''anal'' (pleasure from bodily control over waste), ''phallic'' ([[sexual desire]] related to the opposite–sex [[parent]]), ''latency'' (an intermediate stage characterized by less interest in sex), and ''genital'' (for [[teenager|adolescents]] onwards where sexual urges are expressed in [[sexual intercourse|sexual]] relationships). Freud suggested that persons who get ''stuck'' at one stage (he used the term ''[[fixation (psychology)|fixation]]'') have trouble progressing to later stages and developing fully as persons, which prevented them from attaining an intelligent balance between his hypothetical three basic structures of the [[personality]]. These parts were: the ''[[id (psychology)|id]]'' (basic powerful [[subconscious]] drives such as hunger and sex), the ''[[superego]]'' (a [[conscience]] and internalized [[parent|parental]] guide emphasizing rules and order), and the ''[[ego (psychology)|ego]]'', an [[adult]] reality–based mechanism to resolve conflicts between the ''id'' and ''superego''. According to Freud, when conflicts are not handled properly, the mind can engage in a variety of so-called ''defense mechanisms'' (his terms: ''Denial, Displacement, Intellectualization, Projection, Repression, Rationalization, Reaction Formation'', and ''Sublimation'') to cope, but his therapy was based on teaching a person to [[understanding|understand]] these mechanisms and resolve conflicts as a mature and reasonable adult.<ref name=FreudCiv>{{cite news | |||
|author= Freud, Sigmund; ed. McLintock, David | |||
|title= Civilization and Its Discontents | |||
|publisher= Penguin Books Ltd. | |||
| ISBN-= 978-0-141-18236-0 | |||
|date=2002 | |||
|accessdate= 2010-04-28 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
==Major students== | ==Major students== | ||
Several of his close associates, including [[Alfred Adler]], [[Carl Jung]] and [[Otto Rank]] eventually broke away to develop their own styles of psychotherapy. Others, such as [[Karen Horney]], stayed with a Freudian approach but developed it further. | Several of his close associates, including [[Alfred Adler]], [[Carl Jung]] and [[Otto Rank]] eventually broke away to develop their own styles of psychotherapy. | ||
Others, such as [[Karen Horney]], stayed with a Freudian approach but developed it further. Frieda Fromm-Reichmann (1889–1957) was a psychiatrist and contemporary of Sigmund Freud who pioneered an intensive method of psychoanalysis which emphasized [[empathy]], honesty, and directness, and she came to believe that experiences in early life were more important than psychosexual motivations in mental health.<ref name=PBS-FFR>{{cite news | |||
|title= Frieda Fromm-Reichmann | |||
|publisher= NPR | |||
|date= 2010-04-28 | |||
|url= http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bhfrom.html | |||
|accessdate= 2010-04-28 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
==Modern derivatives== | ==Modern derivatives== | ||
<!--Current psychodynamic approaches continue to develop and change. Contemporary Freudian approaches usually retain Freud's emphasis on sexuality, aggression, and mental conflict, and often prefer insight-oriented, uncovering psychotherapy to more supportive techniques. Contemporary Freudians, for the most part, continue to believe that psychotherapy is most effective when it leads to increased self-knowledge on the part of the patient. Other current psychodynamic approaches—such as object-relational and self-psychological approaches—prefer techniques designed to change the patient's habitual patterns of living by building an especially authentic or supportive relationship with the analyst that is believed to help the patient learn new ways of relating to others and to life in general. | <!--Current psychodynamic approaches continue to develop and change. Contemporary Freudian approaches usually retain Freud's emphasis on sexuality, aggression, and mental conflict, and often prefer insight-oriented, uncovering psychotherapy to more supportive techniques. Contemporary Freudians, for the most part, continue to believe that psychotherapy is most effective when it leads to increased self-knowledge on the part of the patient. Other current psychodynamic approaches—such as object-relational and self-psychological approaches—prefer techniques designed to change the patient's habitual patterns of living by building an especially authentic or supportive relationship with the analyst that is believed to help the patient learn new ways of relating to others and to life in general. | ||
The psychoanalytic community has recently begun to put extensive effort into researching the efficacy and process of psychoanalytic treatment.--> | The psychoanalytic community has recently begun to put extensive effort into researching the efficacy and process of psychoanalytic treatment.--> | ||
==References== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
Revision as of 09:31, 17 August 2010
Psychoanalysis is a means of understanding human thought and emotions, as well as potentially treating malfunctions, originating with the work of Sigmund Freud. A neurologist by training, he saw symptomatology that could not be explained by the neurobiology of the time. Part of the reason psychoanalysis is sometimes considered prescientific, or even pseudoscience, is the much greater modern understanding of neurosciences. Nevertheless, he did examine how what he termed conscious and unconscious thinking could affect a patient's world view.
A broader view today bases psychodynamic psychotherapy on principles derived from psychoanalysis.
Theory
Freud began a private practice in Vienna in 1886 through 1896, in which he abstracted concepts from his observations of his patients. trying to help patients as well as himself, developed a provocative and influential theory of psychoanalysis. Freud suggested that persons go through so-called psychosexual stages of development which he named oral (sucking and eating as a baby), anal (pleasure from bodily control over waste), phallic (sexual desire related to the opposite–sex parent), latency (an intermediate stage characterized by less interest in sex), and genital (for adolescents onwards where sexual urges are expressed in sexual relationships). Freud suggested that persons who get stuck at one stage (he used the term fixation) have trouble progressing to later stages and developing fully as persons, which prevented them from attaining an intelligent balance between his hypothetical three basic structures of the personality. These parts were: the id (basic powerful subconscious drives such as hunger and sex), the superego (a conscience and internalized parental guide emphasizing rules and order), and the ego, an adult reality–based mechanism to resolve conflicts between the id and superego. According to Freud, when conflicts are not handled properly, the mind can engage in a variety of so-called defense mechanisms (his terms: Denial, Displacement, Intellectualization, Projection, Repression, Rationalization, Reaction Formation, and Sublimation) to cope, but his therapy was based on teaching a person to understand these mechanisms and resolve conflicts as a mature and reasonable adult.[1]
Major students
Several of his close associates, including Alfred Adler, Carl Jung and Otto Rank eventually broke away to develop their own styles of psychotherapy.
Others, such as Karen Horney, stayed with a Freudian approach but developed it further. Frieda Fromm-Reichmann (1889–1957) was a psychiatrist and contemporary of Sigmund Freud who pioneered an intensive method of psychoanalysis which emphasized empathy, honesty, and directness, and she came to believe that experiences in early life were more important than psychosexual motivations in mental health.[2]
Modern derivatives
References
- ↑ Freud, Sigmund; ed. McLintock, David. "Civilization and Its Discontents", Penguin Books Ltd., 2002. Retrieved on 2010-04-28.
- ↑ Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, NPR, 2010-04-28. Retrieved on 2010-04-28.