imported>Chunbum Park |
imported>John Stephenson |
| (81 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| == '''[[Potassium in nutrition and human health]]''' ==
| | {{:{{FeaturedArticleTitle}}}} |
| ----
| | <small> |
| To maintain [[Life|life]] and [[health]], the diet of humans must contain the chemical element,<b>[[potassium]]</b>, in its ionic form (K<sup>+</sup>), usually consumed as potassium salts of organic acids in food (e.g., potassium citrate), found most abundantly in non-grain plant foods (vegetables and fruits).
| | ==Footnotes== |
| In 2004-2006, and again in 2010, the ''Institute of Medicine of the National Academies of Science'' <ref name=ottendribook>Otten JJ, Hellwig JP, Meyers LD (editors) (2006) Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. National Academies Press. Pages 370-379. ISBN 0-309-65646-X</ref> and its ''Food and Nutrition Board'' <ref name=napdri04>Panel on Dietary Reference Intakes for Electrolytes and Water. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. Food and Nutrition Board. Institute of Medicine of The National Academies (2004) [http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10925&page=186/ Dietary Reference Intakes For Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate] “Potassium” pp. 186-268. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.</ref> <ref name=ai-k>[http://www.dietaryguidelines.gov Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010]. [http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/Publications/DietaryGuidelines/2010/PolicyDoc/PolicyDoc.pdf PDF (p40]. U.S Dpartment of Agriculture. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.</ref> recommended that adult humans consume 4700 milligrams (mg) of potassium per day, or more, which, calculated from the atomic mass of potassium (39.1 mg per [[Mole (unit)|mmol)]], corresponds to 120 millimoles (mmol) potassium per day: 4700 mg/39.1 mg/mmol=120 mmol. That recommended intake of potassium substantially exceeds estimates from recent surveys of average intakes by the general population, raising the possibility that a persisting state of suboptimal body potassium content, and rate of throughput of potassium, prevails in the general population. <ref name=03-04K>[http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=14958 What We Eat in America, NHANES 2003-2004, Tables. 1. Nutrient Intakes: Mean Amounts Consumed per Individual, One Day, 2003-2004 (Downloadable PDF File)]</ref> <ref name=05-06K>[http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/12355000/pdf/0506/Table_1_NIF_05.pdf Nutrient Intakes: Mean Amounts Consumed per Individual, One Day, 2005-2006.] U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, Fast Facts, Reports/Articles, and Tables (2005-2006).</ref> <ref name=eatk2010>[http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=18349 What We Eat in America, 2009-2010]. USDA. Downladable pdf Tables.</ref>
| |
| | |
| Subsequent sections will discuss potassium intake recommendations for children and special groups, as well as more recent perspectives on the 'optimal' requirements for dietary potassium in humans.
| |
| | |
| ===General considerations=== | |
| Potassium ranks as the most abundant cation (positive ion) inside animal [[Cell (biology)|cells]] (intracellular), and as such contributes critically in numerous important ways to the optimal functioning of cells and therefore to optimal functioning of the organ systems and individuals they compose. Among other metabolic functions, potassium plays a role in the synthesis of proteins and in the biochemical transformations required for carbohydrate metabolism.
| |
| | |
| Potassium plays an esential role in maintaining the electrical potential difference across the cell's plasma membrane, the intra- to extra-cellular electrical potential difference, typically referred to as the 'membrane potential'. That physicochemical regulatory function importantly enables normal transmission of information along nerves (nerve impulse transmission), normal contraction of muscle fibers, and normal functioning of the heart. The concentration of potassium inside cells (the intracellular fluid) exceeds that outside cells (the extracellular fluid) by an order of magnitude (~30 times), whereas the extracellular concentration of sodium exceeds that of its intracellular concentration by an order of magnitude (~10 times), the reverse of the situation with potassium. Those concentration differences between potassium ions and sodium ions generates the membrane potential, the inside potential negative with respect to the outside potential. A protein-based ion-pumping mechanism located within the lipid bilayer of the....
| |
| | |
| By influencing the electrical potential difference across the cell membrane, the ratio of the [[concentration]]s of potassium in intracellular fluid (ICF) to that in the cells' surrounding extracellular fluid (ECF) has important effects on the rate of transmission of electrical activity (pulses) along nerve fibers and skeletal muscle cells, which, among other things, affects the degree of contraction of the smooth muscles of arteries and arterioles (vascular tone).<ref name=moczydlowski2009>Moczydlowski EG. (2009) Electrophysiology of the Cell Membrane. In: Boron WF, Boulpaep EL (editors), Medical Physiology, 2nd ed. Saunders/Elsevier: Philadelphia. ISBN 9781416031154.</ref> Inasmuch as extracellular potassium varies in the 3-6 mmol/L range, while intracellular potassium concentrations average about 145 mmol/L, small changes in extracellular potassium concentration have a greater effect on the ICF-to-ECF potassium concentration ratio than similar small changes in intracellular potassium concentration. Subsequent sections discuss the implication of changes in the ICF-to-ECF potassium concentration ratio in human physiology.
| |
| | |
| ''[[Potassium in nutrition and human health|.... (read more)]]''
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width: 90%; float: center; margin: 0.5em 1em 0.8em 0px;"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="text-align: center;" | [[Potassium in nutrition and human health#References|notes]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| {{reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |
| |}
| | </small> |
Latest revision as of 09:19, 11 September 2020
Paramhansa Yogananda circa 1920.
Paramhansa Yogananda (5 Jan 1893–7 Mar 1952) was one of the first Indian teachers from the Hindu spiritual tradition to reside permanently in the West, and in particular, he was the first to teach yoga to Americans. He emphasized the universality of the great religions, and ceaselessly taught that all religions, especially Hinduism and Christianity, were essentially the same in their essence. The primary message of Yogananda was to practice the scientific technique of kriya yoga to be released from all human suffering.
He emigrated from India to the United States in 1920 and eventually founded the Self-Realization Fellowship there in Los Angeles, California. He published his own life story in a book called Autobiography of a Yogi, first published in 1946. In the book, Yogananda provided some details of his personal life, an introduction to yoga, meditation, and philosophy, and accounts of his world travels and encounters with a wide variety of saints and colorful personalities, including Therese Neumann, Mohandas K. Gandhi, Luther Burbank, and Jagadis C. Bose.
Paramhamsa, also spelled Paramahamsa, is a Sanskrit title used for Hindu spiritual teachers who have become enlightened. The title of Paramhansa originates from the legend of the swan. The swan (hansa) is said to have a mythical ability to sip only the milk from a water-and-milk mixture, separating out the more watery part. The spiritual master is likewise said to be able to live in a world like a supreme (param) swan, and only see the divine, instead of all the evil mixed in there too, which the worldly person sees.
Yogananda is considered by his followers and many religious scholars to be a modern avatar.
In 1946, Yogananda published his Autobiography of a Yogi. It has since been translated into 45 languages, and in 1999 was designated one of the "100 Most Important Spiritual Books of the 20th Century" by a panel of spiritual authors convened by Philip Zaleski and HarperCollins publishers.
Awake: The Life of Yogananda is a 2014 documentary about Paramhansa Yogananda, in English with subtitles in seventeen languages. The documentary includes commentary by George Harrison and Ravi Shankar, among others.[1][2]
