Mechanics (general): Difference between revisions
imported>Peter Lyall Easthope m (Fixed third list item, changed "gravitation" to "gravity" and pluralized "interaction".) |
imported>Peter Lyall Easthope m (Added subpages.) |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{#switch: {{{info}}} | |||
<!-- Pagename must be filled out for subpages system to work correctly. --> | |||
| pagename = Mechanics | |||
<!-- Primarily whether the article is written in "AE" - American, "AuE" - Australian, "BE" - British or "CE" - Canadian English. --> | |||
| variant = CE | |||
<!-- Required for checklist. In brief: | |||
*''abc'' means the form of the title for alphabetization, e.g. "Doherty, John" or "Orient, The". Please think this one through and replace the " " if required. | |||
*''cat_check'': put "yes" if you want someone to check over the categories | |||
*''status'': 0 for approved articles; 1 developed, 2 developing, 3 stub, 4 external | |||
*''underlinked:'' put "yes" if not enough other articles link to it (click "What links here" at left) | |||
*''cleanup'': put "yes" if basic cleanup has been done. | |||
*''cat1, cat2'' and ''cat3'' are workgroup categories; if there is only one category, put it in cat1. | |||
*''sub1, sub2'' and ''sub3'' are sub-workgroup categories. | |||
*''tab1, tab2'' and ''tab3'' are article-specific subpage names. | |||
For more info see http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/CZ:The_Article_Checklist. --> | |||
| abc = | |||
| cat_check = no | |||
| status = 3 | |||
| underlinked = no | |||
| cleanup = no | |||
| cat1 = physics | |||
| cat2 = | |||
| cat3 = | |||
| sub1 = | |||
| sub2 = | |||
| sub3 = | |||
| tab1 = | |||
| tab2 = | |||
| tab3 = | |||
<!-- Required for ToApprove template: --> | |||
| article url = | |||
| subpage url = | |||
| cluster = | |||
| now = | |||
| ToA editor = | |||
| ToA editor2 = | |||
| ToA editor3 = | |||
| date = | |||
<!-- Required for Approved template: --> | |||
| A editor = | |||
| A editor2 = | |||
| A editor3 = | |||
}}<noinclude>{{subpages}}</noinclude> | |||
In physics, mechanics includes all theories explaining the behaviour | In physics, mechanics includes all theories explaining the behaviour | ||
of matter. Mechanics can also refer to the practical subjects of | of matter. Mechanics can also refer to the practical subjects of | ||
Revision as of 17:29, 2 May 2008
In physics, mechanics includes all theories explaining the behaviour of matter. Mechanics can also refer to the practical subjects of creating and maintaining machines.
Each physical theory of mechanics has these three ingredients.
- A system of kinematics by which the configuration and behaviour of the system being studied is described. For example, a set of locations in a cartesian coordinate system, at specified times, can provide a means of describing the motion of an object.
- A description of how a force or forces act.
- A mathematical statement of a relationship prevailing on the kinematic measurements and forces. Such statement is often called a principle. F = ma for example, is a principle of Newtonian Mechanics.
Principles are developed from the knowledge of routine observations and from deliberately planned experiments. As a mechanical theory becomes established, an extensive body of mathematical deduction develops. This yields further opportunities for verification of principles. The mathematical deductions and verifications can address extreme cases. Thus F = ma is true for many problems of engineering while it fails for objects moving at high speeds such as photons.
Examples of theories of mechanics.
- In Newtonian mechanics, matter takes the form of bodies or particles each of which has a mass m and position in space. Time is measured independantly from spacial dimensions. A body can be subjected to a force F or multiple forces. Principles of the theory include the statement F = ma, a being the acceleration of the body.
- In thermal mechanics, matter is typically a fluid with intensive properties such as temperature T and extensive properties such as volume V within a container. Force is measured as pressure P. An early princple of the theory was the ideal gas law, PV = nRT; n being the number of moles of the gas and R, the Universal Gas Constant.
As understanding of theories expands, they become unified. Principles are simplified and generalized. For example, the earliest form of statistical mechanics was built upon Newtonian Mechanics with the addition of statistical concepts. That theory yielded the statement PV = NkT; N being the number of molecules of a gas and k, Bolzman's constant. Given Avogadro's number, this equation is equivalent to the Ideal Gas Law. This demonstrates a connection between Newtonian Mechanics and thermal mechanics. PV = nRT is no longer a principle of thermal mechanics but is found to be understandable from Newtonian Mechanics with the addition of statistical concepts.
Unification of theories of mechanics has been a central preoccupation of theoretical physicists. Grand Unification is the problem of unifiying the theories of the four fundamental forces currently known: gravity, strong and weak nuclear interactions and electromagnetic interaction.