Wales
The Wales Millennium Centre, Cardiff, is a well-known landmark of modern Wales today. In These Stones, Horizons Sing is a piece of music specially written by Karl Jenkins for the Centre's opening in 2004; reflecting the two languages of Wales, the Welsh poem by Gwyneth Lewis has its own message: Creu Gwir fel Gwydr o Ffwrnais Awen means 'creating truth like glass from inspiration's furnace'.[1]
Wales is one of the four constituent countries (or 'home nations') that together make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is situated in the west of mainland Britain, with England to its east and the Irish Sea to its west. Wales has a population estimated at three million and is a bilingual country, with English being the principal language spoken, and Welsh the native tongue.
Wales's modern and fast-developing capital city is Cardiff (Caerdydd in Welsh). Since the creation of a the National Assembly for Wales in 1999, the 60 Welsh Assembly members have the power to speak, vote and act on domestic matters, but the power to legislate belongs to the wider UK government.
Language
Official signs in Wales must be bilingual, Welsh first. The Welsh Language Act 1993 encourages, but does not require, private companies and organisations to provide Welsh-language material alongside English.
- See also: Welsh language and Welsh English
Today, about 20% of Welsh people identify themselves as Welsh speakers, and the popularity of the language is on the rise - a far cry from the nineteenth century, when children were often punished for speaking the language at school. With most of these speakers in the north, language issues in Wales are as much about the distinctive Welsh accent accompanying the local dialects of the English language: Welsh English, for some still an object of amusement, has become far more acceptable nationwide in recent years, with Welsh accents used on the national news and in television drama.[2]
Welsh, like English, is an Indo-European language, so the two are distant cousins. Welsh is a Brythonic language in the same language family as Breton, spoken in France, and Cornish, which went extinct, though attempts are being made to revive it. Cumbric, once spoken in northern England and Scotland, was also closely related to Welsh. These Brythonic Celtic languages are very closely related to, but distinct form the Goidelic Celtic family which includes Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx. Welsh grammar differs from that of English in several ways: for example, the verb is the first major constituent in the sentence by default, and there are masculine and feminine grammatical genders.
The influence of one language on the other is more one-way than one might assume, given the proximity of England and Wales. Only a handful of Welsh words exist in English (e.g. druid), whereas Welsh has borrowed many loanwords from English. This reflects the differing origins and fortunes of previous generations: Welsh developed from older Celtic tongues, while the precursors to English came to Britain much later, brought by Germanic tribes from continental Europe, whose descendants came to dominate the islands.
Government
As a part of the United Kingdom, Wales is governed by the UK government with the Queen as head of state. There are 40 members of parliament in the UK House of Commons who represent Welsh constituencies. They are elected during UK general elections for terms lasting four to five years. Wales is represented in the European Parliament by four MEPs.
In 1998, following a popular referendum, a degree of autonomy was granted to Wales in a devolution of power from the UK government to the National Assembly for Wales. The Assembly is a legislative body. It consists of sixty members who are elected by popular ballot using a form of proportional representation - distinctive from the 'first past the post' system used in elections for the Westminster parliament. Each member has a term of office of up to four years, after which they must stand for re-election.
The Welsh Assembly Government is formed by the majority part of the Assembly or by a coalition of the largest party and one or more other parties. This Government undertakes the executive duties. The Assembly Government is led by the First Minister, currently Rhodri Morgan.
Footnotes
- ↑ Gwynethlewis.com: 'Creu Gwir fel Gwydr o Ffwrnais Awen; In these Stones Horizons Sing'.
- ↑ For example, the relaunched flagship science fiction series Doctor Who and its spin-off Torchwood are both made by BBC Wales. Executive producer Russell T. Davies, Welsh-born, has stated as one of his goals that promoting Wales and Welsh TV expertise will have a "normalising" effect, with the Welsh accent no longer seen as strange or ridiculous. See Independent: 'Russell T Davies: The saviour of Saturday night drama'. 10th April 2006.