Anticoagulant
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Anticoagulants are "agents that prevent blood clotting".[1] They may be used to prevent embolism and thrombosis.
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Vitamin K antagonists
Warfarin
Warfarin is a commonly used oral anticoagulant that interferes with the Vitamin K dependent coagulation co-factors.
Heparins
Unfractionated heparin
Details of the usage of heparin are available in clinical practice guidelines by the American College of Chest Physicians[2]:
Low molecular weight heparin
The last dose of low molecular weight heparin prior to procedures should occur 24 hours before the procedure in order to prevent high residual anti-Xa levels.[3]
Direct thrombin inhibitors
Direct thrombin inhibitors bind directly to thrombin.[4]
- Argatroban is for treating heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
- Bivalirudin is a recombinant protein
- Dabigatran
- Desirudin
- Hirudin is a recombinant protein for treating heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
- Lepirudin
- Ximelagatran is a recombinant protein that is an oral direct thrombin inhibitor
Factor Xa inhibitors
- Fondaparinux can prevent embolism and thrombosis during perioperative care according to randomized controlled trials of hip fracture surgery[5].
- Idraparinux is a synthetic derivative of heparin that has a long half life that allows once-weekly dosage. A randomized controlled trial compared idraparinux to warfarin and found that idraparinux is equivalent for deep venous thrombosis but is inferior for pulmonary embolism.[6]
- Rivaroxaban can prevent embolism and thrombosis during perioperative care according to randomized controlled trials of two weeks of therapy after kne arthoplasty[7] or 5 weeks of therapy after hip arthroplasty.[8][9]
Warfarin combined with heparin
Warfarin combined with heparin did not benefit survivors of acute myocardial infarction in a randomized controlled trial.[10]
Warfarin combined with heparin reduced events, but increased bleeding, among survivors of acute myocardial infarction in a randomized controlled trial.[11]
References
- ↑ Anonymous (2024), Anticoagulants (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ Hirsh J, Raschke R (2004). "Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy". Chest 126 (3 Suppl): 188S-203S. DOI:10.1378/chest.126.3_suppl.188S. PMID 15383472. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Whitlock RP, Crowther MA, Warkentin TE, Blackall MH, Farrokhyar F, Teoh KH (2007). "Warfarin cessation before cardiopulmonary bypass: lessons learned from a randomized controlled trial of oral vitamin K". Ann. Thorac. Surg. 84 (1): 103–8. DOI:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.03.014. PMID 17588394. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Di Nisio M, Middeldorp S, Büller HR (2005). "Direct thrombin inhibitors". N. Engl. J. Med. 353 (10): 1028–40. DOI:10.1056/NEJMra044440. PMID 16148288. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Eriksson BI, Bauer KA, Lassen MR, Turpie AG (November 2001). "Fondaparinux compared with enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after hip-fracture surgery". The New England journal of medicine 345 (18): 1298–304. PMID 11794148. [e]
- ↑ Buller HR, Cohen AT, Davidson B, et al (2007). "Idraparinux versus standard therapy for venous thromboembolic disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 357 (11): 1094–104. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa064247. PMID 17855670. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Lassen MR, Ageno W, Borris LC, et al (June 2008). "Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after total knee arthroplasty". The New England journal of medicine 358 (26): 2776–86. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa076016. PMID 18579812. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Eriksson BI, Borris LC, Friedman RJ, et al (June 2008). "Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after hip arthroplasty". The New England journal of medicine 358 (26): 2765–75. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa0800374. PMID 18579811. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Kakkar AK, Brenner B, Dahl OE, et al (July 2008). "Extended duration rivaroxaban versus short-term enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip arthroplasty: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial". Lancet 372 (9632): 31–9. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60880-6. PMID 18582928. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Fiore LD, Ezekowitz MD, Brophy MT, Lu D, Sacco J, Peduzzi P (2002). "Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Trial comparing combined warfarin and aspirin with aspirin alone in survivors of acute myocardial infarction: primary results of the CHAMP study". Circulation 105 (5): 557–63. PMID 11827919. [e]
- ↑ Hurlen M, Abdelnoor M, Smith P, Erikssen J, Arnesen H (2002). "Warfarin, aspirin, or both after myocardial infarction". N. Engl. J. Med. 347 (13): 969–74. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa020496. PMID 12324552. Research Blogging.