Anthropology

Anthropology is the holistic study of humankind. It studies all human life in all geographic regions of all time periods, from its evolution as Homo sapiens to its diverse manifestations within cultures and societies both past and present. Since recorded history, people have sought answers to such probing questions as Who are we? How have we come to be as we are? How can diverse peoples peaceably co-exist? and What might the past and present tell us about our future? Anthropology seeks to answer these and many other fundamentally humanistic questions.

Anthropology employs both qualitative and quantitative research methods within its numerous sub-disciplines. Common to all anthropologists is the method of fieldwork. A physical anthropologist may dig pre-historic sites in Central Africa to discover clues about humankind's origins and early migration patterns, while an applied anthropologist plays games with inner-city Chicago schoolchildren to advise administrators on how to create conflict-reducing after-school programs. A socio-cultural anthropologist may live in a hut among Haitian peasants to learn the meanings of their unique rituals and political economy, while a linguistic anthropologist interacts with modern Chamorro language speakers at a barbecue to discover clues about the people group's most ancient origins. Within each of these and the myriad of other ways and places in which anthropologists day-by-day research, they seek answers to benefit humankind. Anthropology has been described as "the reformer's science", and "the most humanistic of the sciences and the most scientific of the humanities".

The development of anthropology

Although humans have probably always studied other humans, anthropology as an academic discipline found its roots in the Enlightenment and largely began as an extension of the work of anatomists and others who studied the human body. They sought to understand humans through measurements of the body such as cephalic index.

The field began to gain momentum during the second half of the 19th century following publications by Herbert Spencer and Charles Darwin that offered a new way to look at the origins of humankind and the many facets of human cultures.

The many facets of anthropology

Sub-disciplines

Anthropology is traditionally divided according the the four field approach. The fields include archeology, physical or biological anthropology, socio-cultural anthropology and linguistic anthropology. Each sub-discipline approaches the study of humans from a slightly different perspective, and they come together to give a more holistic understanding of ourselves than any one of them could provide individually.

Archeology

Archeology studies human remains as a way to understand the people who created those remains. This includes mapping settlement patterns, economic structures, religious institutions, dietary regimens, art forms, people's interactions with their environments and much more.

Physical anthropology

Physical or biological anthropology studies the human as a biological species.

Socio-cultural anthropology

Socio-cultural anthropology is the branch of anthropology that is most often associated with the term "anthropology." It studies the abstract structures that help people to better understand the world around them and to interact with each other and their environment. This branch studies kinship structures, subsistence strategies, religious and cosmological beliefs,

Linguistics anthropology

Linguistic anthropology studies people through their use of language.

Applied anthropology

Applied anthropology is not one of the four traditional sub-disciplines of anthropology, but it takes a unique approach to the study of humans. This field draws on the knowledge that is gained through other approaches to anthropology and applies the results as a way to expand upon them.