South Dakota (U.S. state)

South Dakota is one of the states constituting the United States of America; it entered the Union as the 40th state on November 2, 1889, the same date as North Dakota. Its area is 77,116 square miles (199,730 square kilometers). Its estimated population in 2008 was 804,194. South Dakota is a Great Plains state bordered on the north by North Dakota, on the east by Minnesota and Iowa, on the south by Nebraska, and on the west by Wyoming and Montana. The state is split by the upper Missouri River into "east-river" and "west-river" regions. The capital is Pierre.

Land

Physiography (land forms)

USGS shaded relief map of South Dakota

South Dakota is divided into three separate regions. The main division is demarcated by the Missouri River which flows through the center of the state from north to south dividing the state into an eastern and a western region.

The eastern poriton of the state was formed by glacial deposition and is generally flat with a very slight rise as one travels from east to west.

West of the Missouri, the land continues to rise, but at a slightly steeper rate, from about 2000 feet above sea level at the Missouri River to over 3000 feet in elevation in the extreme northwest part of the state. This region is part of the Great Plains.

The third distinct region is the Black Hills area in the southwestern part of the state. This is a mountainous region, covered by a pine forest, and was sacred to the native peoples of the Great Plains.

Climate

Governing the climate in South Dakota is the fact that the state does not lie close to any large bodies of water and thus does not experience the moderating influence of such formations on overall weather patterns. As a result, South Dakota experiences hot summers and cold winters with larger than normal seasonal and diurnal fluctuations in temperature.

During the peak summer months, mean daily maximum temperatures will be in the mid to upper 80s (degrees F) while during the winter months mean daily lows will be in the teens or single digits (degrees F).

Annual precipitation averges range from 25 inches plus in the southeast portion of the state, decreasing gradually as one goes across the state from the east to the semi-arid west where the average annual preciiptation will be less than 17 inches.

Demographics

• including native peoples

Politics and government

Elected officials

For most of its history, South Dakota has been a strongly Republican state. Since gaining statehood in 1889, the state has supported the Republican ticket in the quadrennial Presidential elections 26 times in 30 contests, including the last 11 times in succession.

At the state level, the Governor's office has been occupied by a Republican for all but 9 of the past 74 years. The current governor of the state, M. Michael Rounds, a Republican from Pierre, is in his second term of office, having been elected to the post in 2002 and re-elected in 2006.

The state legislature is elected from 35 districts, each of which elects 2 members to the state House of Representatives and 1 member to the State Senate. The legislature meets annually with members, both of the House and of the Senate, serving for 2 years each before having to stand for re-election. Currently the state House of Representatives consists of 46 Republicans and 24 Democrats while the state Senate consists of 21 Republicans and 14 Democrats. The state legislature meets annually with members serving for 2 years.

The only elective offices for which the Democrat's have enjoyed some success are the offices of U.S. Senator and Representative, especially the former. The Democrats have actually won the majority of elections to the U.S. Senate over the past 50 years and currently hold one of the two U.S. Senatorial positions allocated to each state. As well, the state's lone at-large representative to the U.S. House of Representatives is a Democrat, Stephanie Herseth Sandlin, first elected in 2004 and re-elected every time since.

Social, cultural, and educational

Education

The University of South Dakota, situated in Vermillion, opened in 1882. South Dakota State University in Brookings was established in 1881.

Parks and recreation

Points of interest

The most important tourist attraction of the state is Mount Rushmore National Memorial, in the Black Hills. Here 60 feet (18 m) high heads of four former United States presidents can be admired: George Washington(1732–1799), Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919), and Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865).