Financial system/Addendum
Selected financial institutions
Banks
The United States [1]
Bank of America[2]
J P Morgan Chase[3]
Citibank[4]
Wachovia[5]
The United Kingdom
HSBC[6]
Lloyds Banking Group[7]
Royal Bank of Scotland Group[8]
Barclays[9]
Other finance providers
Investment managers
Goldman Sachs[10]
Bridgewater Associates[11]
Credit rating agencies
Standard and Poor's[12]
Moodys[13]
FitchRatings[14]
Stock exchanges
The New York Stock Exchange[15]
NASDAQ (The National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations)[16] is the best-known dealer market.
The London Stock Exchange[17] began operating in "Jonathan's Coffee House" in 1698. Main market, Alternative Investments Market (AIM), Professional Services Market, Specialist Funds Market.
Regulators
International
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision:[18]
United States
Federal Reserve System:[19]
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation[20]
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency[21]
National Credit Union Administration[22]
Europe
Responsibility for financial regulation in the European Union rests with the various national authorities, but are to be submitted to the unifying procedures of the "Markets in Financial Markets Directive" [23]
United Kingdom
Financial Services Authority (UK)[24]
Central banks
The Federal Reserve System[25]
The European Central Bank[26] since the establishment of the euro as a common currency in 1999, the European Central Bank has operated the monetary policy of the European monetary system with objective of maintaining price stability, without generating excessive fluctuations in output.
International institutions
The International Monetary Fund[28] was set up in 1944, mainly to provide loans to member governments in support of policies to deal with balance of payments problems. In recent years it has also devoted its resources to the strengthening of the international financial system and relieving financial crises. It also advises member governments about their economic problems and, when necessary, it grants loans to help resolve them.
The World Bank provides low-interest loans, interest-free credit and grants to developing countries, finances selected private sector projects,. guarantees foreign investors against non-commercial risks and settles disputes between foreign investors and host countries.
The Bank for International Settlements serves as the central banks’ bank and provides a forum to promote discussion and policy analysis among central bank governors and senior executives. Its committees include the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and the Committee on the Global Financial System.
Reform proposals
Markets in Financial Instruments Directive[29] (EU) October 2007.
The de Larosière Group[30] (EU) February 2009.
The Obama plan (US) June 2009 White Paper: Financial Regulatory Reform:[31]. Fact Sheets:Requiring Strong Supervision And Appropriate Regulation Of All Financial Firms[32]; Strengthening Regulation Of Core Markets And Market Infrastructure [33];Strengthening Consumer Protection[34]; Providing The Government With Tools To Effectively Manage Failing Institutions[35]; Improving International Regulatory Standards And Cooperation[36]