Financial system
The financial system is an essential component of the economies of the industrialised countries. It is an international complex interactive system, events in one component of which, in one of the industrialised country, can have significant repercussions elsewhere. Malfunctioning of the international financial system, such as occurred as a result of the banking crash of 2008 can damage much of the world's economy, as happened in the recession of 2008. The following article is intended mainly as a gateway to articles on components and aspects of the system.
The functions of the system
Financial systems:
- produce information about possible investments, and allocate capital;
- monitor investments and exert corporate governance after providing finance;
- facilitate the trading, diversification, and management of risk;
- mobilize and pool savings; and.
- ease the exchange of goods and services.
There is evidence that suggests that a well-functioning financial system contributes to economic growth [1].
The principal components of the system
The financial intermediaries
Banking
Insurance
Pensions
The financial instruments
Bonds
Mortgages
Derivatives
The financial markets
The stock exchanges
The New York Stock Exchange
The London Stock Exchange
Other stock exchanges
The bond market
The money markets
The interbank markets
The currency markets
Regulatory institutions
Banking regulators
Securities regulators
The central banks
The Federal Reserve System
The European Central Bank
The Bank of England
Other central banks
International institutions
The International Monetary Fund
The World Bank
The Bank For International Settlements
Theoretical developments
Financial economics
International economics
Risk Management
Systems analysis
Financial crises
The crash of 1929
The crash of 2008
Other major crises
Proposals for reform
In preparation for a meeting of the world leaders in November 2008, an ebook was published by an international group of twenty leading financial economists[2]. They agreed on the need to augment IMF resources and to strengthen existing arrangements for global governance. Several of them also argued for new approaches to the regulation of large cross-border financial institutions.