Flavivirus
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Flavivirus is a genus of the family Flaviviridae[1], named after the yellow fever virus (Flavi = yellow). Each year, this genus causes hundreds of millions of infections, with symptoms ranging from assymptomatic, to fever and rash, neurological damage, encephalitis, hemorrhaging, shock and death. Of the flaviviruses, the four Dengue fever viruses cause the most disease each year. Both epidemic and sylvatic (jungle) strains have been found for many flaviviruses. Flaviviruses are arboviruses and are transmitted by ticks, mosquitoes, and no-see-ums (their vectors). Birds serve as a large reservoir for many viruses, but mammals, including humans and horses, are mostly dead-end hosts.
The flavivirus genus includes (see table below) the mosquito borne West Nile virus (WNV), Yellow fever virus (YFV), St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLE) and the viruses that causes Dengue fever (DENV1-4). Flavivirus also includes Tick-borne Encephalitis virus, Russian-spring summer encephalitis (RSSE) and several other viruses which cause encephalitis. Some flavivirus cause sever hemorrhagic fevers, including Dengue and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus.
Flavivirus share a common size (40-60 microinches), symmetry (enveloped, icosahedral nucleocapsid), nucleic acid (positive-sense, single stranded RNA approximately 10,000-11,000 bases), and appearance in the electron microscope.
Table of Flavivirus Species and Sub-species
| Virus | Virus Group | Vector |
|---|---|---|
| Yellow fever virus(YFV) | Yellow Fever | mosquito |
| Banzi virus (BANV) | Yellow Fever | mosquito |
| Bouboui virus (BOUV) | Yellow Fever | mosquito |
| Edge Hill virus (EHV) | Yellow Fever | mosquito |
| Jugra virus (JUGV) | Yellow Fever | mosquito |
| Saboya virus (SABV) | Yellow Fever | mosquito |
| Sepik virus(SEPV) | Yellow Fever | mosquito |
| Uganda S virus (UGSV) | Yellow Fever | mosquito |
| Wesselsbron virus(WESSV) | Yellow Fever | mosquito |
| Japanese Encephalitis virus(JEV) | Japanese Encephalitis | mosquito |
| Alfuy | Japanese Encephalitis | mosquito |
| West Nile virus(WNV) | Japanese Encephalitis | mosquito |
| Kunjin (KUNV) a subtype of WNV | Japanese Encephalitis | mosquito |
| St. Louis Enchephalitis(SLEV) | Japanese Encephalitis | mosquito |
| Murray Valley Encephalitis(MVEV) | Japanese Encephalitis | mosquito |
| Usutu virus(USUV) | Japanese Encephalitis | mosquito |
| Cacipacore virus(CPCV) | Japanese Encephalitis | mosquito |
| Koutango virus(KOUV) | Japanese Encephalitis | mosquito |
| Yaounde virus(YAOV) | Japanese Encephalitis | mosquito |
| Dengue-1 virus | Dengue | mosquito |
| Dengue-2 virus | Dengue | mosquito |
| Dengue-3 virus | Dengue | mosquito |
| Dengue-4 virus | Dengue | mosquito |
| Kedouga | Dengue | mosquito |
| Aroa (AROAV) | Aroa | mosquito |
| Bussuquara (BUSSV) | Aroa | mosquito |
| Iguape | Aroa | mosquito |
| Naranjal | Aroa | mosquito |
| Ntaya virus(NTAV) | Ntaya | mosquito |
| Bagaza virus(BAGV) | Ntaya | mosquito |
| Ilheus virus(ILHV) | Ntaya | mosquito |
| Israel turkey meningoencephalomyelitis virus(ITV) | Ntaya | mosquito |
| Rocio | Ntaya | mosquito |
| Tembusu virus(TMUV) | Ntaya | mosquito |
| Spondweni(ZIKV) | Spondweni | mosquito |
| Zika virus(ZIKV) | Spondweni | mosquito |
| Kokobera (KOKV) | Kokobera | mosquito |
| New Mapoon virus (tentative species) | Kokobera | mosquito |
| Stratford virus | Kokobera | mosquito |
| Entebbe Bat virus(ENTV) | Entebbe Bat | No Known Vector |
| Yokose(YOKV) | Entebbe Bat | No Known Vector |
| Rio Bravo virus | Rio Bravo | No Known Vector |
| Montana myotis leukoencephalitis virus(MMLV) | Rio Bravo | No Known Vector |
| Bukalasa bat virus(BBV) | Rio Bravo | No Known Vector |
| Carey Island virus(CIV) | Rio Bravo | No Known Vector |
| Dakar bat virus(DBV)) | Rio Bravo | No Known Vector |
| Phnom Penh bat virus(PPBV) | Rio Bravo | No Known Vector |
| Hepatitis C virus(HVC)) | No Known Vector | |
| Modoc virus(MODV) | Modoc | No Known Vector |
| Apoi virus(APOIV) | Modoc | No Known Vector |
| Modoc virus | Modoc | No Known Vector |
| Cowbone Ridge virus(CRV) | Modoc | No Known Vector |
| Jutiapa virus(JUTV) | Modoc | No Known Vector |
| Sal Vieja virus(SVV) | Modoc | No Known Vector |
| San Perlita virus(SPV) | Modoc | No Known Vector |
| Tick-borne encephalitis(TBEV) | Mammalian tick-borne | Tick |
| Powassan(POWV) | Mammalian tick-borne | Tick |
| Omsk hemorrhagic fever(OHFV) | Mammalian tick-borne | Tick |
| Langat(LGTV) | Mammalian tick-borne | Tick |
| Louping ill virus (LIV) | Mammalian tick-borne | Tick |
| Alkhurma(ALKV) a subtype of KFD | Mammalian tick-borne | Tick |
| Gadgets Gully virus (GGYV) | Mammalian tick-borne | Tick |
| Kyasanur Forest disease virus(KFDV) | Mammalian tick-borne | Tick |
| Royal Farm virus(RFV) | Mammalian tick-borne | Tick |
| Russian-spring summer encephalitis | Mammalian tick-borne | Tick |
| Karshi | Mammalian tick-borne | Tick |
| Kumlinge(KUM) | Mammalian tick-borne | Tick |
| Meaban(MEAV) | Seabird tick-borne | Tick |
| Kadam virus (KADV) | Seabird tick-borne | Tick |
| Saumarez Reef(SREV) | Seabird tick-borne | Tick |
| Tyuleniy virus(TYUV) | Seabird tick-borne | Tick |
| Cell fusing agent virus | Questionable (mosquito) | |
| Culex flavivirus | Questionable (mosquito) | |
| Kamiti Rivir virus | Questionable (mosquito) | |
| Ngoye | Tentative species | Isolated from tick |
| Tamana bat virus | Tentative species | Isolated from a bat |
Note: Until recently, Kadam was considered part of the mammal tick-borne group. (Grard, et al. Virology, 361:80-92, 2007.
References
- ↑ ICTVdB Management (2006). 00.026.0.01. Flavivirus. In: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/