John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1917-1963) was an American politician and the most prominent member of the Kennedy family. He served as the 35th President of the United States from 1961 to 1963. Prior to his presidency, he served as a Representative from 1947 to 1953 and a U.S. Senator from 1953 to 1960, representing the state of Massachusetts. He remains a symbolic figure of the 1960s and his presidency was a milestone in the transition of the Democratic Party. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963 in Texas, supposedly by Lee Harvey Oswald, and the cause of his assassination is still unknown.
Early life
Kennedy was born in 1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts. He grew up in a family already steeped in politics and public service. He graduated from Harvard University in 1940. During World War II he joined the United States Navy and participated in war's Pacific theatre of operations. Serving on a patrol boat, he was injured in a naval battle, where he acted heroically. In 1946, he was elected by his home state to the United States Congress. Besides politics, he was an avid swimmer and he wrote a popular book, Profiles in Courage.
Political career
He served as a congressman from 1947 to 1953 and was elected to the Senate in 1952. In 1956, he attempted to gain the Democratic nomination for the Vice Presidency, and was favored by the presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson. However, Estes Kefauver was chosen instead. He served in the Senate until 1960, when he resigned to assume the presidency.
Election of 1960
In 1960, Kennedy was nominated by the Democratic Party for the presidential election. His opponent from the Republican Party was Richard Nixon, the Vice President at that time. The election was marked by the use of televised debate of the first time, between Kennedy and Nixon. During the debate, the young, calm Kennedy gained advantage against Nixon, who appeared awkward on the television.
Kennedy won the election narrowly, with 49.7% of the popular vote and 303 electoral votes. Nixon obtained 49.5% of the votes and 219 electoral votes. Several southern electors cast their electoral ballot to Harry F. Byrd, a segregationist Senator from Virginia.
Presidency
Although Kennedy's presidency only lasted for two years, his policies, both domestic and foreign, had profound influence in American history.
Domestic policy
During his administration, Kennedy proposed the Medicare but did not succeed (Medicare was enacted, however, under later presidents). He also called for civil rights legislations. In 1961 he sent federal marshals to protect Freedom Riders in Alabama.
Foreign policy
Kennedy's presidency was marked by extensive international involvement of the United States, including the establishment of Alliance for Progress and the Peace Corps. He maintained a strong stance against Communist government in Cuba. He ordered the invasion of Cuba by a group of Cuban exiles to overthrow the regime of Fidel Castro, but the invasion was unsuccessful. Subsequently the Soviet Union secretly installed missiles, causing the Cuban Missile Crisis, which could have escalated into a nuclear war. Kennedy responded by a quarantine on Cuba, forcing Khrushchev to remove the missiles.
He played an important role in U.S. involvement in Vietnam, continuing Eisenhower's policy to aid South Vietnam to counteract Communist force of North Vietnam and the Vietcong. His successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, greatly escalated the involvement in the conflict which is referred today as the Vietnam War.
Supreme Court nominations
During his presidency, he nominated two justices to the Supreme Court. They were Byron White, best known for his dissent in Roe v. Wade, and Arthur J. Goldberg, who later left the court to serve as the U.S. Representative to the United Nations.
Assassination
on November 22, 1963, Kennedy died from being shot in Dallas, Texas. According to the first early reports, and then the Warren Commission, it was Lee Harvey Oswald who shot the president. His motives remain unknown and Oswald was himself murdered by Jack Ruby a few days later.
Investigation
After the assassination, President Johnson appointed Chief Justice Earl Warren to lead a commission to investigate. The commission is commonly referred to as Warren Commission. Its members include the future president Gerald R. Ford and Allen W. Dulles, former head of CIA. The commission eventually accepted the Single Bullet Theory proposed by the attorney and the future Senator Arlen Specter. However, many people do not agree with the theory and believe the assassination was planned in a greater conspiracy.
Speculation
There is much speculation, and a number of conspiracy theories, by people who dispute the official report about the Kennedy assassination. Some notable theories are that the assassination was arranged by Cubans, the KGB, the Mafia, or even factions of the American government itself such as the CIA. In a best-selling 1975 novel by Charles McCarry, The Tears of Autumn, supporters of Ngo Dinh Diem, the leader of South Vietnam who had recently been the victim of a coup d'état supported by the Kennedy Administration, carried out the assassination in retribution for Diem's murder.[1]
E. Howard Hunt's "confession"
In 2007, one of the Watergate "plumbers" and former CIA spy, E. Howard Hunt, reportedly confessed before his death - according to his son, St. John Hunt - that it was then-Vice President Lyndon Johnson who ordered CIA agents to orchestrate the assassination. This, however, is a conjecture that dates back to the early days after the assassination and his purported confession has been generally ignored.[2]
Legacy
The John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University is named after Kennedy. John F. Kennedy's younger brother, Edward Kennedy, is currently serving as a U.S. Senator from Massachusetts.
References
- ↑ Charles McCarry, The Tears of Autumn, Saturday Review Press, New York, 1975
- ↑ A Texan named Bart McClellan, for instance, in 2003 published Blood, Money & Power: How LBJ Killed JFK, which, according to a book review in the New York Times "Sunday Book Review" of 20 May 2007 sold 75,000 copies. Bryan Burrough, the reviewer of Vincent Bugliogi's book Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, goes on to say that "after the book was featured on the History Channel, the network was obliged to issue a statement acknowledging it was all, um, lies. Bugliosi terms McClellan’s work 'blasphemous and completely false' and concludes, 'Shame on a former member of the American bar for sinking to such a depth of ignominy.' "
Sources
- White House biography
- Congressional Biographical Directory
- Voice of America: 1960s
- Voice of America: Election of 1960
- American Presidency Project
- University of Colorado at Boulder
- Election of 1956: "There may be crazier ways to select a President but I can't think of one."
- Spartacus Educational
- Single Bullet Theory
- JFK Conspiracy Theories
- Taped testament of Howard Hunt, from his son's website
- Rolling Stone magazine article
- Introduction to the Records of the Warren Commission
Further reading
- Clarke, Thurston, Ask Not: The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech That Changed America ISBN 0805072136
- Dallek, Robert, An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917-1963 ISBN 0316172383
- Reeves, Thomas, A Question of Character: A Life of John F. Kennedy ISBN 076151287X