Linux (operating system)
| Linux |
|
| The GNOME desktop on Ubuntu Linux 6.10 |
| Website: http://www.linux.org (unofficial) |
| Developer: The Open Source community |
| OS family: Unix-like |
| Source model: Open source |
| Supported platforms: x86, x86-64, ia64, DEC Alpha, Motorola 68k, SUN Sparc, ARM, PowerPC |
| Kernel type: Modular monolithic |
| Default user interface (most distros): GUI |
| License: GNU General Public License |
| Working state: Current |
Linux is, in its most general sense, open source operating system. It is Unix-like in the sense that the files are organized in a hierarchal file system and the average user is distinguished from the administrative accounts by an implementation of a very strict, yet capable set of permissions; thus, it is often considered to be a very secure system.
History
Linux was started in 1991 by a Finnish college student named Linus Torvalds. At the time, the majority of Unix systems were very expensive. The only affordable workstation environment was a proprietary system called Minix. Although the source code was included with this system, the license fee was still a bit pricey, and it was not as good as the systems the workstations in the universities were running.
The name
Originally, Torvalds had intended to call the system Freax, for Free, Freaks, and Unix. The original source code up to version 0.11 made reference to this, such as a comment in the Makefile, "Makefile for the freax kernel". However, the kernel's FTP directory at nic.funet.fi was named Linux, in honor of its creator, of course, with an x to denote that it is Unix-like. This name caught on, and has been the official alias ever since. Linux is pronounced like 'Minix' - that is, "'li' is pronounced with a short [ee] sound: compare prInt, mInImal etc.'nux' is also short, non-diphtong, like in pUt."[1]
GNU/Linux controversy
By strict definition, it is rarely seen by the user, because its job is to be a layer between the user environment and the hardware. While first began his project, the Free Software Foundation (FSF), led by Dr. Richard Stallman, was also developing a free operating system called GNU, which is a recursive acronym for GNU's Not Unix. The GNU system's development began with the necessary tools for the project, such as a compiler (GNU C Compiler) and a text editor (Emacs), and eventually began writing their kernel - that is, the core of the operating system - after they had finished writing the tools to place above it. Due to the very complex structure they chose to implement, however, the team had a very hard time getting the system to run. In effect, the GNU system became vaporware, leaving free software enthusiasts to use Linux. Because the Linux kernel was usually used in conjunction with the tools the FSW created for GNU, the FSF refers to complete Linux operating systems as GNU/Linux. This convention has been very controversial, however. Torvalds has made no effort to hide his thoughts towards this naming convention, however, saying that "calling Linux in general just 'GNU/Linux' I think is ridiculous."[2]
References
- ↑ Linus Torvalds (Accessed April 23rd, 2007). How to pronounce "Linux"?.
- ↑ The "GNU/Linux" and "Linux" Controversy (Retrieved April 6th, 2007).