Chemical compound

A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different chemically bonded chemical elements, each unit of the compound having a fixed number or ratio of atoms of each element determining the compound's composition. The ratio of each element is usually expressed by a chemical formula in which the number of atoms (when there are two or more atoms of the same element) of each element are listed. For brevity in a chemical formula, the elements are denoted by their one- or two-letter symbols. For example, water (H₂O) is a compound whose molecules consist of two hydrogen (H) atoms bonded to one oxygen (O) atom. Note a 1 after the O is understood and for simplicity not explicitly written. In another example, calcium chloride (CaCl₂), there are two chlorine (Cl) atoms for every calcium (Ca) atom, although these atoms are in the form of ions.

The atoms within each unit of the compound can be held together — bonded — by one or more of various interactions, ranging from electron-sharing covalent bonds to electrostatic forces in ionic bonds. A continuum of bond polarities exist between the purely covalent bond as in H₂ and in benzene C₆H₆. For example H₂O is held together by polar covalent bonds. Sodium chloride and calcium chloride are examples of ionic compounds.

Molecules vs. compounds

Many compounds are molecular, i.e. composed of molecules. When molecular compounds are crystallized (converted to a solid), the individual molecules interact - or are held together - by van der Waals forces. Most known compounds are molecular, a fact that is attributable to the scope of organic chemistry.

Salts are an important family of compounds, but few are molecular. Molecules of NaCl do not exist.

And of course, intermediate classes of compounds exist, which feature polar covalent bonds. Hydrogen fluoride is one example.

Many compounds have both a covalent and an ionic subunits. The molecule trifluoroacetic acid, CF₃CO₂H is composed of a covalent CF₃CO₂ ensemble. The H atom is attached to one oxygen through a polar covalent bond.

Formulas

Chemists describe compounds using formula in various formats. For molecules, the formula for the molecular unit is shown. For polymeric materials, such as minerals and many metal oxides, the empirical formula is given, e.g. NaCl. The order of the elements in molecular and empirical formulas is C, then H and then alphabetical. Trifluoroacetic acid is thus described as C₂HF₃O₂. More descriptive formulas convey structure information, illustrated again with trifluoroacetic acid. CF₃CO₂H. On the other hand, formulas for inorganic compounds often do not convey structural information, as illustrated by sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄ for a molecule that has no H-S bonds. A more descriptive presentation would be O₂S(OH)₂.

(PD) Diagram: Milton Beychok
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Phases and thermal properties

Compounds may have a number of possible phases. All compounds can exist as solids, at least at low enough temperatures. Molecular compounds may also exist as liquids, gases, and, in some cases, even plasmas. All compounds decompose upon applying heat. The temperature at which such fragmentation occurs is often called the decomposition temperature. Decomposition temperatures are not sharp and depend on the rate of heating. At sufficiently high temperatures, all compounds, either after they have decomposed somehow or in the act of decomposing, fragment into smaller compounds or to individual atoms.

CAS number

Every chemical compound that has been described in the literature carries a unique numerical identifier, its CAS number.