Charles Lyell

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Charles Lyell (1797-1875) was a famed geologist credited with having popularized uniformitarianism as well as having been one of the most vocal scientists in his belief that science and religion should be kept seperate.

Charles Lyell was born in Scotland on November 14, 1797. His father was a little known botanist who exposed Lyell to nature at a very early age.

In 1816, at the age of nineteen, Lyell attended Oxford University where he developed an interest in geology thanks in part to the lectures of Dr. William Buckland. His interest in geology was accompanied with a passion for a number of other fields of study including: mathematics, the legal system and the classics. Subsequently, Lyell would pursue a legal career upon recieving his B.A. from Oxford in 1816. Shortly thereafter, Lyell began to gravitate towards the sciences. His failing eyesight due to a "chronic weakness of the eyes" is said to have been a factor in his ultimate decision to pursue the geological sciences. In 1819, he was elected a member of the Linnean and Geological Societies where he often took part in a number of debates. He was able to communicate his first paper entitled, "On a Recent Formation of Freshwater Limestone in Forfarshire," in 1822 . By 1827 Lyell was becoming a greatly popular voice in geological research as well as a highly influential scientific theorist.

As a close friend to Charles Darwin it comes as no surprise that Lyell's support for the theory of Evolution stemmed from his study of ''On the Origin of Species''. Lyell accepted the theory of Natural Selection as the root of the evolutionary process and extrapolated on the subject in his tenth edition of ''Principles of Geology. Lyell wrote ''The Geological Evidence of the Antiquity of Man'' in 1863.

In 1832 Lyell married Mary Horner of Bonn. Throughout the rest of Lyell's life Mary would become greatly involved in his work as well as the presentation of his ideas to the public. Lyell became the president of the Geological Society in 1835. Following his successes in Britain, Lyell took it upon himself to travel to the United States and Canada. Lyell was knighted in 1848. He also won the Copley Medal in 1858 and the Wollaston Medal in 1866.

By this time Lyell's vision had completely failed him. He passed away on February 22, 1875 and is buried at Westminster Abbey in London, England.

Uniformitarianism

Lyell had spent much of his time at Oxford studying under William Buckland, a well-known catastrophist. This often landed Buckland in the role of mentor for the budding scientist. However, Lyell started to disagree with Buckland when he began to do work connecting the concepts of catastrophism with the bible. This troubled Lyell who wanted to develop a dialogue for geology that could be independent from that of "wild speculations" or the "supernatural" . Thus, Lyell turned to another scientist for a new kind of inspiration: James Hutton. Hutton had come up with the argument that the earth had been formed out of gradual changes throughout time and not random catastrophes. This new idea prompted Lyell to travel to Europe to find more evidence of the gradual changes presented by Hutton. Lyell came to conclude that numerous natural events throughout the course of time resulted in the formation of the earth as we recognize it now. He found a link between the formation of mountains and the occurrence of earthquakes and eruptions, as well as the occurrence of older rocks being found beneath volcanoes and evidence of sea level change .

Stratigraphy

While in Italy studying the marine remains of the Italian Tertiary Strata, Lyell conjured up the idea to divide the strata into different sub-groups. He figured out that the strata could be divided into categorizes based on the number and the porportion of the marine shells found within it. Thus he was able to divide the Tertiary period up into three parts: the Pliocene, the Miocene and the Eocene epochs .