Steroid

(CC) Image: David E. Volk
Structure and nomenclature of cholesterol. All other steroids nomenclature is based on cholesterol. By convention, substituents pointing up, like C-18 and C-19, are called $\beta$ while those pointing down are called $\alpha$.

Steroids, or steroid hormones, are powerful hormones with drastic effects, both good and bad, when artificially supplimented into living systems. They play a role in all stages of life from the embryo until death. Corticosteriods are widely used to treat asthma patients, but do have severe side effects. Athletes have often taken anobolic steroids to improve muscle growth and athletic performance. Glucocorticoids play a role in inflamation, and estrogens have been linked to cancer. Testosterone and estrogen influence sexual traits (maleness/femaleness). All steroid hormones are naturally synthesized from cholesterol. The five major classes of steroids are: progestagens, glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, androgens and estrogens. The steroid hormones activate gene expression by binding to enhancer proteins, called steroid receptors.

cholesterol

Cholesterol is the precursor from which all steroid hormones are synthesized. Because of this, all steroid numbering and nomenclature follow that of cholesterol. Some cholesterol derivatives have a proton added to the C-5 carbon. If the H-5 proton is $\alpha$-oriented (points down) then rings A and B are fused in a trans conformation, but in the <math?\beta</math> orientation, the rings are fused in a cis conformation. All steroids with an H5 are in the 5$\alpha$ orientation, while bile salts derived from cholesterol have the opposite 5$\beta$ orientation.

pregnenolone and progestagens

Progesterone, vital to pregnancy.

Pregnenolone forms by removal of C22-C27 of cholesterol.

All steroid hormones have 21 or fewer carbons, although their precursor chemical, cholesterol, has 27 carbon atoms. Pregnenolone is the first steroid derived from cholesterol. It is synthesized through an intermediate, 20$\alpha$,22$\beta$-dihydroxy-cholesterol, which is subsequently oxidized at C-20 to form a ketone with cleavage of carbons 22-27.

Progesterone, a progestagen which prepares the lining of the uterus for implantation of an ovum, is biosynthesized from prognenolone by oxidation of the 3-hydroxy group into a 3-keto group and by the isomerization of the $\delta$⁵ double bond into a $\delta$⁴ double bond. This hormone is also essential to maintain pregnancy. Progresterone is the precursor chemical in the biosynthesis of corticoids and androgens.

glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids

(CC) Image: David E. Volk
Structures of cortisol, the major glucocorticoid, corticosterone and aldosterone, the major mineralcorticoid.

Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids (or mineralcorticoids) are naturally synthesized by the enzymatic oxidation of progesterone. Cortisol is produced when progesterone is hydroxylated at three positions, C-11, C-17 and C21. The oxidation of the C-17 carbon must occur before the hydroxylation at C-21 to synthesize cortisol, otherwise corticosterone is formed. Aldosterone, the major mineralcorticoid, is synthesized from corticosterone by oxidation of the C-18 methyl group to form an aldehyde.