Flavivirus

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Flavivirus genus
Virus classification
Group: Group IV ((+)ssRNA) Family: Flaviviridae Genus: Flavivirus
Vectors
Mosquito-borne Tick-borne No Known Vector

Flavivirus is a genus of the family Flaviviridae, named after the yellow fever virus (Flavi = yellow). Each year, this genus causes hundreds of millions of infections, with symptoms ranging from assymptomatic, to fever and rash, neurological damage, encephalitis, hemorrhaging, shock and death. Of the flaviviruses, the four dengue fever viruses cause the most disease each year. Both epidemic and sylvatic (jungle) strains have been found for many flaviviruses. Flaviviruses are arboviruses and are transmitted by ticks, mosquitoes, and no-see-ums (their vectors). Birds serve as a large reservoir for many viruses, but mammals, including humans and horses, are mostly dead-end hosts.

The flavivirus genus includes (see table below) the mosquito borne West Nile virus (WNV), Yellow fever virus (YFV), St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLE) and the viruses that causes dengue fever (DENV1-4). Flavivirus also includes Tick-borne Encephalitis virus, Russian-spring summer encephalitis (RSSE) and several other viruses which cause encephalitis. Some flavivirus cause sever hemorrhagic fevers, including dengue and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus.

Flavivirus share a common size (40-60 microinches), symmetry (enveloped, icosahedral nucleocapsid), nucleic acid (positive-sense, single stranded RNA approximately 10,000-11,000 bases), and appearance in the electron microscope.

Table of Flavivirus Species and Sub-species

Virus	Virus Group	Vector
Yellow fever virus(YFV)	Yellow Fever	mosquito
Banzi virus (BANV)	Yellow Fever	mosquito
Bouboui virus (BOUV)	Yellow Fever	mosquito
Edge Hill virus (EHV)	Yellow Fever	mosquito
Jugra virus (JUGV)	Yellow Fever	mosquito
Saboya virus (SABV)	Yellow Fever	mosquito
Sepik virus(SEPV)	Yellow Fever	mosquito
Uganda S virus (UGSV)	Yellow Fever	mosquito
Wesselsbron virus(WESSV)	Yellow Fever	mosquito
Japanese Encephalitis virus(JEV)	Japanese Encephalitis	mosquito
Alfuy	Japanese Encephalitis	mosquito
West Nile virus(WNV)	Japanese Encephalitis	mosquito
Kunjin (KUNV) a subtype of WNV	Japanese Encephalitis	mosquito
St. Louis Enchephalitis(SLEV)	Japanese Encephalitis	mosquito
Murray Valley Encephalitis(MVEV)	Japanese Encephalitis	mosquito
Usutu virus(USUV)	Japanese Encephalitis	mosquito
Cacipacore virus(CPCV)	Japanese Encephalitis	mosquito
Koutango virus(KOUV)	Japanese Encephalitis	mosquito
Yaounde virus(YAOV)	Japanese Encephalitis	mosquito
Dengue-1 virus	Dengue	mosquito
Dengue-2 virus	Dengue	mosquito
Dengue-3 virus	Dengue	mosquito
Dengue-4 virus	Dengue	mosquito
Kedouga	Dengue	mosquito
Aroa (AROAV)	Aroa	mosquito
Bussuquara (BUSSV)	Aroa	mosquito
Iguape	Aroa	mosquito
Naranjal	Aroa	mosquito
Ntaya virus(NTAV)	Ntaya	mosquito
Bagaza virus(BAGV)	Ntaya	mosquito
Ilheus virus(ILHV)	Ntaya	mosquito
Israel turkey meningoencephalomyelitis virus(ITV)	Ntaya	mosquito
Rocio	Ntaya	mosquito
Tembusu virus(TMUV)	Ntaya	mosquito
Spondweni(ZIKV)	Spondweni	mosquito
Zika virus(ZIKV)	Spondweni	mosquito
Kokobera (KOKV)	Kokobera	mosquito
New Mapoon virus (tentative species)	Kokobera	mosquito
Stratford virus	Kokobera	mosquito
Entebbe Bat virus(ENTV)	Entebbe Bat	No Known Vector
Yokose(YOKV)	Entebbe Bat	No Known Vector
Rio Bravo virus	Rio Bravo	No Known Vector
Montana myotis leukoencephalitis virus(MMLV)	Rio Bravo	No Known Vector
Bukalasa bat virus(BBV)	Rio Bravo	No Known Vector
Carey Island virus(CIV)	Rio Bravo	No Known Vector
Dakar bat virus(DBV))	Rio Bravo	No Known Vector
Phnom Penh bat virus(PPBV)	Rio Bravo	No Known Vector
Hepatitis C virus(HVC))		No Known Vector
Modoc virus(MODV)	Modoc	No Known Vector
Apoi virus(APOIV)	Modoc	No Known Vector
Modoc virus	Modoc	No Known Vector
Cowbone Ridge virus(CRV)	Modoc	No Known Vector
Jutiapa virus(JUTV)	Modoc	No Known Vector
Sal Vieja virus(SVV)	Modoc	No Known Vector
San Perlita virus(SPV)	Modoc	No Known Vector
Tick-borne encephalitis(TBEV)	Mammalian tick-borne	Tick
Powassan(POWV)	Mammalian tick-borne	Tick
Omsk hemorrhagic fever(OHFV)	Mammalian tick-borne	Tick
Langat(LGTV)	Mammalian tick-borne	Tick
Louping ill virus (LIV)	Mammalian tick-borne	Tick
Alkhurma(ALKV) a subtype of KFD	Mammalian tick-borne	Tick
Gadgets Gully virus (GGYV)	Mammalian tick-borne	Tick
Kyasanur Forest disease virus(KFDV)	Mammalian tick-borne	Tick
Royal Farm virus(RFV)	Mammalian tick-borne	Tick
Russian-spring summer encephalitis	Mammalian tick-borne	Tick
Karshi	Mammalian tick-borne	Tick
Kumlinge(KUM)	Mammalian tick-borne	Tick
Meaban(MEAV)	Seabird tick-borne	Tick
Kadam virus (KADV)	Seabird tick-borne	Tick
Saumarez Reef(SREV)	Seabird tick-borne	Tick
Tyuleniy virus(TYUV)	Seabird tick-borne	Tick
Cell fusing agent virus		Questionable (mosquito)
Culex flavivirus		Questionable (mosquito)
Kamiti Rivir virus		Questionable (mosquito)
Ngoye	Tentative species	Isolated from tick
Tamana bat virus	Tentative species	Isolated from a bat

Note: Until recently, Kadam was considered part of the mammal tick-borne group. (Grard, et al. Virology, 361:80-92, 2007.