COBE (astronomy)
COBE or Cosmic Background Explorer satellite, was launched on November 18, 1989. COBE was designed and developed to investigate the origins of the universe and succeeded in producing images of the universe as it would have been in its infancy some 13.7 billion years ago. [1] The accomplishments of the COBE were so significant that COBE’s originators, John C. Mather (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) and George F. Smoot (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the University of California at Berkeley) were awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize for physics.[2]
Instrumentation
COBE was developed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center to measure the diffuse infrared and microwave radiation from the early universe. To accomplish this, COBE carried three instruments:
- Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) to search for the cosmic infrared background radiation;[3]
- Differential Microwave Radiometer (DMR) to map the cosmic radiation;[4]
- Far Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer (FIRAS) to compare the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation with blackbody radiation.[5]
Theoretical Rationale for COBE
The initial premise of the COBE research was that the universe had originated in a sudden expansion from a submicroscopically small point, the Big Bang Theory. This theory could be supported if there was evidence of background radiation (referred to as cosmic microwave background radiation, CMB radiation) permeating the entire universe. Predicted in 1948 by Georgiy “George” Antonovich Gamow,[6] in 1965 Arno A. Penzias and Robert W.Wilson, researchers at AT&T's Bell Laboratory (Holmdel, N. J. USA), discovered that there is CMB radiation evident in all directions from Earth. A clear example is the radiation evident on a TV screen. Much of the black and white static is in fact CMB, photons of energy still cooling after the Big Bang.[7]
References
- ↑ Universe Evolution Image from Smoot Group representing the range of time for the COBE background radiation map
- ↑ George Smoot Wins Nobel Prize in Physics
- ↑ DIRBE
- ↑ DMR
- ↑ FIRAS
- ↑ Alpher, R. A.; Bethe, H.; Gamow, G. (1948). The Origin of Chemical Elements, Physical Review, vol. 73, Issue 7, pp. 803-804
- ↑ Traversing the Universe Castelvecchi, D. (2005) “Let it Rain” Symmetry. Vol 2:1, Feb. A Fermilab SLAC publication.
External Links
- COBE National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- COBE Smoot Group Astrophysics and Cosmology
- “The Big Bang Model” Bernard Sadoulet Lecture, Smoot Group Astrophysics and Cosmology. Places the COBE findings within three different approaches to support the Big Bang model.
- George Smoot Nobel Lecture video
- George Smoot Nobel interview video
- John Mather Nobel Lecture video
- John Mather Nobel interview video
- Arno Penzias and Robert W. Wilson Nobel bio and speeches
- “Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation" Robert Woodrow Wilson Nobel lecture
- “The Origin of Elements” Arno Penzias Nobel Lecture
- Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) Team Wins Gruber Prize Berkely Lab Research News. Describes the mission findings and significance.