Hillary Clinton

Hillary Clinton (born Hillary Rodham), Democrat of New York, is the first woman to be a leading candidate for President. She served as First Lady when her husband Bill Clinton was president (1993-2001). A Democrat, in 2000 she was elected Senator from New York, and reelected in 2006. Her most controversial vote came in October 2002 when she backed President George W. Bush in endorsing an invasion of Iraq.

Early Career

She was born October 26, 1947, in Chicago in a middle class family; her father Hugh Rodham operated a small business. He was born into a coal mining family in Pennsylvania, graduated from Penn State University, and was known as a martinet. Hillary Rodham, was an active Methodist, attended Wellesley College, an elite woman's college near Boston. Starting as a Republican activist she became a liberal by her senior year. She graduated in 1969 with an antiwar speech that gained national attention. She attended Yale Law Schools (JD 1973), where she met Bill Clinton. They married on October 11, 1975, and had a daughter Chelsea. As her husband built a political career in Arkansas as governor, she was a partner in the locally prestigious Rose Law Firm, 1976-1992.

First Lady

Popularity

Cohen (2000) and Burden and Mughan (1999) examine the trends in public opinion polls measuring public favorability toward Hillary Clinton from 1993 to 1999. The data indicate that, while first ladies may bring policymaking and other types of advice to presidents, the institutional development of the first lady's office can best be understood in the context of presidential public relations. However, the data also reveal that, while related, presidential job approval and presidential favorability are far from identical and that favorability between the president and first lady is closer in meaning to poll respondents than presidential job approval is to first lady favorability. Presidential governing strategies cannot always be constructed on the idea of shifting public attention from the president to the First Lady and back again as the public fortunes of one decline while the other's rise.

Templin (1999) uses cartoon images of Hillary Clinton during 1992-96 to suggest a backlash against the professional woman. She cites cartoonists' obsession with Hillary, the continual use of clichés and stereotypes, and the overt sexism of the images and symbols used to depict her. Because cartoonists see Hillary violating gender norms, cartoon images of her tend to fall into the following categories: gender reversals (with Hillary wearing the pants and making the decisions), Hillary as radical feminist (the failed woman), as emasculator (depicted as a vicious shark), domestic imagery, woman as body (the ice maiden), the public woman (the tourist shouts, "Look! It's Hillary's husband!"), cherchez la femme, and the wife the husband wants to get rid of. The work of Susan Faludi on the 1980s backlash against women in positions of power, Judith Butler on gender, Germain Greer on the historical role of the first lady, and John Fiske on discourse and media events is useful in analyzing cartoonists' stances toward Hillary Clinton.

Health Care reform

Gottschalk (2000) and Martin (2000) argue that the reform failed because of the close relationships among big business, big labor, antitax groups, social conservatives, the health care industry, and other disparate groups intent on maintaining the status quo in one of the largest and most costly sectors of the American economy.

However, Wekkin (2005) argues that the 1993-94 health care reform proposals sponsored by President Clinton and drafted by Hillary Clinton were rejected because they were inherently flawed, not, as the President argued, because of a lack of effective marketing to Congress and the American public.

Presidential campaign

Clinton has been a highly successful fundraiser. For calaendar years 2001 through 2006 her total receipts were $51.6 million, with spending of $40.8 miillion.

Bibliography

Biography

• Bernstein, Carl. A Woman in Charge: The Life of Hillary Rodham Clinton (2007) by Pulitzer Prize winner
• Clinton, Hillary Rodham. Living History. 2003. 571 pp. memoir
• Gerth, Jeff, and Don Van Natta Jr. Her Way: The Hopes and Ambitions of Hillary Rodham Clinton (2007)

Politics and public opinion

• Burden, Barry C. and Anthony Mughan. "Public Opinion and Hillary Rodham Clinton." Public Opinion Quarterly 1999 63(2): 237-250. Issn: 0033-362x Fulltext: Jstor and Ebsco
• Cohen, Jeffrey E. "Public Favorability Toward the First Lady, 1993-1999." Presidential Studies Quarterly 2000 30(3): 575-585. Issn: 0360-4918
• Conason, Joe and Lyons, Gene. The Hunting of the President: The Ten-Year Campaign to Destroy Bill and Hillary Clinton. 2000. 413 pp.
• Templin, Charlotte. "Hillary Clinton as Threat to Gender Norms: Cartoon Images of the First Lady." Journal of Communication Inquiry 1999 23(1): 20-36. Issn: 0196-8599 Fulltext: in Sage

Foreign policy

• Hastedt, Glenn P. and Anthony J. Eksterowicz. "First Lady Diplomacy: The Foreign Policy Activism of First Lady Clinton." Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations 2006 7(2): 57-67.

Health care reform

• Gottschalk, Marie. The Shadow Welfare State: Labor, Business, and the Politics of Health Care in the United States (2000) online edition
• Hacker, Jacob S. "Learning from Defeat? Political Analysis and the Failure of Health Care Reform in the United States." British Journal of Political Science 2001 31(1): 61-94. Issn: 0007-1234 Fulltext: in Cambridge Journals and Jstor
• Hacker, Jacob S. The Road to Nowhere: The Genesis of President Clinton's Plan for Health Security. Princeton U. Press, 1997. 240 pp.
• Laham, Nicholas. A Lost Cause: Bill Clinton's Campaign for National Health Insurance. 1996. 251 pp. online edition
• Martin, Cathie Jo. Stuck in Neutral: Business and the Politics of Human Capital Investment Policy (2000).
• Rushefsky, Mark E. and Kant Patel. Politics, Power & Policy Making: The Case of Health Care Reform in the 1990s (1998) ISBN 1-56324-956-1
• Skocpol, Theda. Boomerang: Clinton's Health Security Effort and the Turn Against Government in U.S. Politics, 1996.
• Wekkin, Gary D. "The 'Blame Game': What Went Wrong with Health Care Reform." White House Studies 2005 5(1): 53-64. Issn: 1535-4738

Books by Clinton

• Clinton, Hillary Rodham. Living History. 2003. 571 pp. memoir
• Clinton, Hillary Rodham. An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History (2000)
• Clinton, Hillary Rodham. It Takes A Village: and Other Lessons Children Teach Us (1996)

External links

• official presidential campaign website
• Ratings of her Senate votes by many interest groups, from Project Vote Smart
• Key Senate votes, compiled by Project Vote Smart