Paris, Tennessee

This article is about Paris, Tennessee. For other uses of the term Paris, please see Paris (disambiguation).

Location of town of Paris and Henry County, Tennessee.

Authors [about]: Pat Palmer and others. CZ is an open collaboration. Please join in to develop this article!

Paris, Tennessee (USA) is a town of about 10,000 people in West Tennessee in the United States of America. Paris is the county seat of Henry County, and the county (including Paris) had 32,363 residents in 2010).

Henry County is in the upper right corner of West Tennessee. Its northern border is the Tennessee-Kentucky state line, and to its south are Carroll and Benton Counties. To the west, the border is Weakley County and the eastern border of the county is a combination of the former Big Sandy river route and the Tennessee River.

Streams and rivers on the western side of Henry County drain generally westward into the North and South Forks of the Obion River; this is the side of the county that had most of the cotton and tobacco farms in the past.

Streams on the eastern side of the county drain eastward, either directly into the Tennessee River, or first into the Big Sandy River, a tributary of the Tennessee.

The Big Sandy River original formed the southeast border of Henry County. Sixty-seven miles long, the river merges into the Tennessee River (now expanded as Kentucky Lake) at the border of Henry and Benton counties. In the 1930's, TVA rerouted the Big Sandy river from its meandering delta-river flow into a straight-cut ditch, but the southeast border of Henry County retains the winding shape of the original Big Sandy river.

Economy

As of 2021, the county and town are struggling economically. The poverty rate of around 20% is more than twice the national average.

Other placeholders, to be situated in this article later on

The heart of downtown Paris is the court house built in 1897. On the court house lawn is a statue of a confederate soldier, one of many monuments around the U.S. earmarked by the InvisibleHate.org website in 2020 as appropriate for removal (possibly to a less prominent location such as a private cemetery containing the remains of confederate soldiers).

In August of 2020, the Lee Academy for the Arts (402 Lee St.) was renamed as Paris Academy for the Arts, and its board of directors (formerly called the Robert E. Lee School Association) renamed itself as the Paris Academy Association. The site and building had born the name of confederate general Robert E. Lee for well more than a century.

This is the reference for Van Dyke. This reference is currently a placeholder and will be placed on the first occurrence when this article is near completion.

Image gallery

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Henry County, TN, court house, Nov. 24, 2005	Confederate monument, dating from 1900, standing on the courthouse lawn in Paris, TN, as described by the Henry County Historical Society on it's Facebook page in 2020.

History of the town and county

The town was founded and incorporated in 1823.

Life of settlers before the Civil War (1820-1860)

The expulsion of the Chickasaw

This occurred by the late 1830's as part of the U. S. Government supported forced migration of local tribes to, mainly, Oklahoma Territory. It includes the Trail of Tears. There was a Chickasaw reservation between the town of Paris and the Tennessee River, near a place formerly known as Sulphur Wells (a place submerged under Kentucky Lake since the 1940's). There is a road from Paris to this area named Chickasaw Road. Apparently, there was an important regional salt lick at Sulphur Wells which was visited not just by the Chickasaw but by neighboring tribes including some from quite far away. The salt lick was also submerged under the TVA lake.

Early schools

In the early 1800's when Paris was first founded, wealthier people sent their boys to private academy. Some girls also got "academy" (but modified, excluding classics and including more home-making/arts). Anyone else got so-called "common schools", if at all. Common schools arose which taught basic reading writing arithmetic to no more than 8th grade.

Even some slaves were given a basic education (taught to read, maybe). Free negroes, on the other hand (and there were some in Henry County), were not allowed to hold jobs, associate with slaves (or anyone besides other free negroes), and were not allowed to attend school at all.

Early economy, demographics, and slavery

The following rates were paid for slaves in Henry County during a sale in February 1839::

• man: $900 to $1000
• woman: $700 to $900
• child: $600 to $800

In terms of 2021 monetary worth, the cost per slave would be:

• man: $25,209 to $28,010
• woman: $19,607 to $25,209
• child: $16,806 to $22,408

It is important to realize that slave-owners had invested substantial funds in their source of labor and believed that abolition of slavery would ruin the economy and way of life. Their participation in the civil war for the South was in every way an attempt to protect against having their right to own slaves infringed. The struggles for and against slavery throughout the thirty years leading up to the civil war were apparent in almost all parts of the Southern states, as well as the newly added territories, where the questions were twofold: Would slavery be allowed in this new territory, and would the new territories have to return escaped Southern slaves to their masters?

In the 1850s, the decade leading up to the civil war, most of the economy of Henry County came from moderate-sized farms between 20 and 500 acres; their owners and families were the main demographic of the county at that time.. Three other groups existed in small pockets only: large plantation owners, poor whites, and free negroes. Per the county census figures, a third of all heads of these farm families owned slaves in 1850. Tobacco and cotton were important crops, and the labor for those crops was done almost exclusively by slaves, who constituted a quarter of the overall population, but lived on only a third of the farms. The county's slaveholders had great influence with politics of the day. Two-thirds of Henry County voters elected to secede from the union, and any Union sentiment in the remaining third of the population was brutally suppressed, not only in Henry County but in most of West and Middle Tennessee. During this period, Isham G. Harris and John D. C. Atkins, both strongly pro-southern in sentiment, were very popular and acted as the main political voices in Henry County.

In 1860, Henry County’s two largest landowners were William A. Tharpe (4938 acres) and J. J. Cooke (2590 acres). They were likewise holders of the most slaves, 94 and 77 respectively

During the Civil War (1860s)

Before the war began, two different elections were held in all counties of the state to determine whether Tennessee would cecede from the union or not. While Henry County did come down on the side of cecession, it was not by a huge margin, and throughout the war there was brutal suppression of voices in favor of remaining in the Union. An account of the battle of Paris (by J. Van Dyke) includes details on some families on each side of the divide, and how they were treated during the war. Schools were closed throughout the war, and for most of the time, Paris was technically under union control, while local majority sentiment was against the Union side. Troops from both sides passed through the town more than once.

The public school at that time (renamed around 1910 for Robert E. Lee) was the site of troop recruitment for the Confederacy. The school still exists (though it is no longer a public school) and was finally renamed again in 2020 to The Paris Academy of the Arts.

Some neighboring counties such as Carroll were much more strongly pro-Union than Henry County.

Mule Day (1938 to 1953)

Beginning in 1938, on the first Monday in April, the town celebrated Mule Day, a day for mule trading, swapping tales, trading knives, and winning cash or merchandise donated by local merchants. Mule Day was a day mainly for men, and according to Leland Palmer, it was the only day upon which black men were actually welcomed in the town. This fact is apparently never discussed or admitted online these days, people instead preferring to pretend the de facto racial ban never existed. Mule Day was discontinued after 1953, and it was replaced by the World's Biggest Fish Fry, a more inclusive occasion.

World's Biggest Fish Fry (festival, 1954 to present)

Beginning in 1954, the town has continuously celebrated the Fish Fry on during a week in April (?). It is an occasion where men, women and children are welcomed. There are tents serving food, including the mainstay, locally-caught catfish with fried hushpuppies. On Friday, there is also a parade consisting of floats by various groups and organizations, school marching bands, and horses and mules. There is nearly always a carnival, dances, a car show, concerts, arts & crafts, a rodeo and other similar activities throughout the week.

Twentieth century factories: Boom and bust

For a period from the 1930's through the 1980's, Paris and Henry County became a source of cheap labor for factories of various companies. This caused a migration of rural farmers from the countryside into the town of Paris in order to work in the factories. It was typical, at first, that only white men were employed in these factories. During WW II, a shortage of men due to the military draft gave white women their first opportunities at factory jobs. Although after the war, the women initially lost some of those jobs due to the return of men from the war, by the 1960's and 1970's, social changes led to many more factory jobs opening up for women, although they were typically relegated to the office or to the lower paying, more tedious jobs.

During the late 1950s, a major change started rattling the manufacturing industry in the U.S. Many manufacturers who had once made their products on American soil began moving their production overseas. By moving overseas, companies could make and ship parts to the U.S. more cheaply than they could manufacture them in the U.S. By the 1980's, almost all factories had been moved out of the U.S.

This section discusses some industries that were active in Henry County during the twentieth century. Most, if not all, are now defunct. The loss of factory jobs was painful to the area's economy and on a personal level, as many jobs were never replaced by other industries and former employees were left without health insurance.

The Clippard Plant (1955-1973)

Clippard Instruments, Inc. opened a factory in Paris, Tenn. in 1955 after its previous factory in Sturgis, KY, developed labor problems. Clippard leased a 30,000 square foot facility in Paris, TN, and converted it into a semi-automated assembly plant to make radio and television components such as the electronic coils. The Clippard plant employed about 100 employees and operated in Paris until 1973.

One reason that the plant may have closed is that the demand for coils was decreasing as radios and TVs began to be built using transistors, which meant that the need for vacuum tubes, and therefore coils, decreased substantially. Another likely reason was the creation of trade agreements with other countries. The U.S. tariff on imported coils had been reduced from 15% to 7.5% during the Kennedy administration in the 1960's. This reduction in tariff was implemented over five years, from 1968 to 1972. Clippard closed the Paris, TN. plant in November 1973, stating that it could not operate that plant profitably in competition with lower cost imports. A third possible reason for loss of the plant was the availability of cheaper labor elsewhere. After closing the Paris plant, Clippard transferred its coil-manufacturing materials and equipment to a factory in Matamoros, Mexico, that was opened in 1972. An April 1974 report funded by the U.S. Government found that, as a result of concessions granted under trade agreements such as Section 301(c)(2) of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, more electronic coils were being imported in the U.S., which caused American workers employed by Clippard Instruments, Inc. to lose employment.

Salant and Salant: the "shirt factory"

This garment factory on Washington Street in Paris, TN, opened in the 1930s and operated until at least the 1960's. It employed mainly women to do the sewing and men as supervisors and managers. In the late 1950's and early 1960's, it also began employing some people of color. The production floor was a huge open space with ceiling fans (there was no air conditioning in those days), with many long rows of sewing machines. Work conditions were reputed to be hard; workers had to "make production" every day, which meant they had to produce an amount specified by management, or else they would be fired. Pay was low, conditions harsh, and yet, these jobs were highly sought after within the community because it was one of the first places that women could obtain work outside the home.

Carburetor factory (1949-1987)

In 1949, Paris Manufacturing Co. built a factory on Highway 69, northwest of Paris, and leased it to Holley Carburetors, who bought the building outright in 1958. By 1974, Holley was making carburetors for Ford and some under its own name at the Paris, Tennessee factory. In 1968, Colt Industries Inc. acquired Holley from the Holley family.

The carburetor plant was unionized (UAW), and in 1986, the union voted to forego making fuel injectors. This vote was unfortunate because the use of carburetors in American automobiles was declining rapidly at that time in favor of fuel injectors. That vote may have been a factor in the entire plant being shut down the following year. In 1987, the plant closed and about 1000 jobs were lost. That is likely fewer than the plant employed during its peak years around 1980. Because the lost jobs were relatively high paying, and because they were from a unionized company, the impact of unemployment on local families was severe and many were unable to find equivalent employment afterwards.

Another source claimed the plant had shut in 1994.

The former Holley Carburetor building stood unused for decades, until in 2017, the Henry Farmers Co-op created a 456-square-foot space in the southwest corner of the old factory. At the same time, the Henry Farmers Co-op closed its retail operation on West Wood Street, so the usage in the Holley building is as a wholesale and bulk materials business, with 32 parking spaces allotted. The Co-op had had a downtown presence since at least the 1950's.

Markel Lighting

This lamp factory located near the fairgrounds operated during the 1970's and 1980's. Ceramic lamp bases were molded, fired, painted, decorated, and assembled into lamps, which were packed and then sent to commercial lamp outlets. The factory was not air conditioned. It employed both men and women, perhaps a hundred people.

Plumley, later Dana

Plumley Rubber Co. once employed about 300 employees at the Paris plant. It was still open in 1994. A Tennessean article on March 10, 1995 (p 90 of 99) says that the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International (OCAW) had filed a complaint with the National Labor Relations Board. The union was trying to unionize Plumley Division of Data Corp. By 1999, it had been bought and taken over by Dana's Engine Systems Group. Dana Incorporated has 200 employees at this location.

1960's and Desegregation

Prior to about 1962, schools in Paris and Henry County were segregated. Beginning around the fall of 1962, schools began a gradual process of introducing selected students of color into the white schools, and by around 1969, the gradual process of combining schools was completed when a new high school (Henry County High School) opened up in the center of the county, in Paris. Students from all over the county were transported to consolidated schools near the center of the county without regard for race. A similar process played out at other age levels. Many of the smaller, remote, rural schools were forced to close and send students to consolidated schools in Paris. Prior to 1969, black high school students attended Central High School, a segregated school, and school children of all ages attended segregated schools. No online history of segregation for the town and county seems to exist; current web pages read as if segregation never existed.

During the same span of years, a gradual process of desegregation began taking place in other aspects of the town and county, not just in schools. For example, prior to this time, people of color going to see a film at the old Capitol Theater in Paris were required to enter by a side door and sit in a gallery separate from white people, and incidentally farther from the screen. Also, people of color were not allowed to eat in the same restaurants as white people (prior to the 1960's). There was some friction as these things began to change, and the black people faced continual low-grade opposition and some abuse, but the integration did continue. Also prior to the 1960's, black people were not welcome in the main part of town except possibly on a few occasions such as Mule Day (which was eventually replaced by the World's Biggest Fish Fry). And finally, people of color were never hired for most jobs. The only work for most black men (and most women or children too) was picking cotton. Women were sometimes hired as cooks, housekeepers or nannies in white households and white-owned restaurants, but they had to remain out of sight and out of mind or they would be fired. As racial issues played out nightly on TV screens, the people of Paris slowly made their own peace without major demonstrations or public incident.

Even throughout the 1970's, black men were seldom (if at all) hired for factory jobs.

Within the factories, white women began to be hired by the 1960's but often found themselves relegated to the lower-paying jobs.