Bifidobacterium bifidum: Difference between revisions
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{{CZ:Biol_201:_General_Microbiology/EZnotice}} | |||
{{Taxobox | |||
| color = green | |||
| name = <center>''Bifidobacterium bifidum''</center> | |||
| image = | |||
| domain = Bacteria | |||
| phylum = Actinobacteria | |||
| classis = Actinobacteria | |||
| ordo = Bifidobacteriales | |||
| familia = Bifidobacteriaceae | |||
| genus = Bifidobacterium | |||
| species = bifidum | |||
| binomial = <center>''Bifidobacterium bifidum''</center> | |||
| binomial_authority = | |||
}} | |||
Bifidobacterium bifidum [[bacteria]] <ref>journal citation here</ref> | |||
'''[[Image:Bifidobacterium.jpg]] | |||
==Description and significance== | |||
=====Bifidobacteria are included in a subsection of bacteria known as probiotics. Probiotics are a natural occurrence in the human body, contributing to the beneficial micro flora in the mouth, intestinal tract, as well as vagina. Bifidobacteria help promote digestion, augment the immune system, contribute to the production of lactic and acetic acid, which help control intestinal pH, and in some cases is also associated with a lower incidence of allergies.===== | |||
==Genome structure== | ==Genome structure== | ||
Bifidobacterium bifidum has a circular chromosome with a G-C content of approximately 55-67%. | Bifidobacterium bifidum has a circular chromosome with a G-C content of approximately 55-67%. | ||
The following is the exact 642 base sequence as referenced from | The following is the exact 642 base sequence as referenced from The National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI): | ||
1 gttccacgtg ttccgtgtcg gagctaacgc gttaagcntc ccgcctgggg agtacggccg | 1 gttccacgtg ttccgtgtcg gagctaacgc gttaagcntc ccgcctgggg agtacggccg | ||
61 caaggctaaa actcaaagaa attgacgggg gcccgcacaa gcggcggagc atgcggatta | 61 caaggctaaa actcaaagaa attgacgggg gcccgcacaa gcggcggagc atgcggatta | ||
| Line 13: | Line 38: | ||
541 gttcccgggc cttgtacaca ccgcccgtca agtnatgaaa gtgggcagca cccgaagccg | 541 gttcccgggc cttgtacaca ccgcccgtca agtnatgaaa gtgggcagca cccgaagccg | ||
601 gtggcctaac cccttgtggg atggagccgt ctnaggtgag gc | 601 gtggcctaac cccttgtggg atggagccgt ctnaggtgag gc | ||
==Cell structure and metabolism== | |||
=====Bifidobacteria are Gram-positive, anaerobic, and nonmotile. The characteristic rod or clubbed shape of Bifidobacterium bifidum varies from 0.5-1.3 μm x 1.5-8 μm. They can be found single or associated in clusters and V-shaped pairs. These bacteria are commonly found curved and in a branched confirmation. ===== | |||
==Ecology== | |||
==Pathology== | |||
==Application to Biotechnology== | |||
==Current Research== | |||
===="Effects of galactooligosaccharide and long-chain fructooligosaccharide supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal microbiota and immunity- a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study."==== | |||
===="Exploring the diversity of the bifidobacterial population in the human intestinal tract."==== | |||
=====While the beneficial aspects of bifidobacteria are widely accepted, the diversity and specific composition of the human intestine micro flora are less understood. Researchers conducted this study to identify specific bifidobacterial populations found in human intestines and fecal samples. Their protocol included plating human intestinal mucosal and fecal samples on selective media and further analyzing molecular data of selected rRNA gene sequences of individual colonies. Their findings clearly indicated that the majority, 704 of the 900 isolated colonies, were bifidobacteria. They further identified the six major species of bifidobacteria isolated from the intestine: B. longum, B. pseudocatenulatum, B. adolescentis, B. pseudolongum, B. breve, and B. bifidum, and two species found primarily in fecal samples, B. dentium and B. animalis subp. lactis. Their research indicated a correlation between age and the microbiota distribution of the intestine. A small selection of species were found exclusively in the adult human gut, while other species were found widely distributed. The study uncovered significant variance between individuals in the composition of fecal samples and intestinal mucosal samples as well as mild variance within the same subject (intrasubject variability) in different regions of the intestine. There were a small number of bifidobacteria that indicated the capacity to broadly colonize, which was based on the number that were able to be isolated from wide ecological distributions.===== | |||
===="Isolation of bifidobacteria from breast milk and assessment of the bifidobacterial population by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative real-time PCR."==== | |||
==References== | |||
[1]↑[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19088308?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=3&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed Martin, R., Jimenez, E., Heilig, H., Fernandez, L., Marin, M.L., Zoetendal, E.G., Rodriguez, J.M. “Isolation of bifidobacteria from breast milk and assessment of the bifidobacterial population by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative real-time PCR”. ''Appl Environ Microbiol''. February, 2009. Vol. 75, Issue 4. p. 965-9] | |||
[2]↑[http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/5/1426 Shadid, R., Haarman, M., Knol, J., Theis, W., Beermann, C., Rjosk-Dendorfer, D., Schendel, D., Koletzko, B., Krauss-Etschmann, S. “Effects of galactooligosaccharide and long-chain fructooligosaccharide supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal microbiota and immunity-a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study”. ''Am J Clin Nutr''. 2009. Vol. 86. p. 1426-37] | |||
[3]↑[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez Turroni, F., Foroni, E., Pizzetti, P., Giubellini, V., Ribbera, A., Merusi, P., Cagnasso, P., Bizzarri, B., de'Angelis, G.L., Shanahan, F., van Sinderen, D., Ventura, M. “Exploring the diversity of the bifidobacterial population in the human intestinal tract”. ''Appl Environ Microbiol''. March, 2009. Vol. 75, Issue 6. p. 1534-45] | |||
Revision as of 08:41, 22 April 2009
 For the course duration, the article is closed to outside editing. Of course you can always leave comments on the discussion page. The anticipated date of course completion is May 21, 2009. One month after that date at the latest, this notice shall be removed. Besides, many other Citizendium articles welcome your collaboration! |
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Bifidobacterium bifidum bacteria [1]
Description and significance
Bifidobacteria are included in a subsection of bacteria known as probiotics. Probiotics are a natural occurrence in the human body, contributing to the beneficial micro flora in the mouth, intestinal tract, as well as vagina. Bifidobacteria help promote digestion, augment the immune system, contribute to the production of lactic and acetic acid, which help control intestinal pH, and in some cases is also associated with a lower incidence of allergies.
Genome structure
Bifidobacterium bifidum has a circular chromosome with a G-C content of approximately 55-67%. The following is the exact 642 base sequence as referenced from The National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI):
1 gttccacgtg ttccgtgtcg gagctaacgc gttaagcntc ccgcctgggg agtacggccg
61 caaggctaaa actcaaagaa attgacgggg gcccgcacaa gcggcggagc atgcggatta
121 attcgatgca acgcgaagaa ccttacctgg gcttgacatg ttcccgacga cgccagagat
181 ggcgtttcct tcggggcggg ttcacaggtg gtgcatggtc gtcgtcagct cgtgtcgtga
241 gatgttgggt taagtcccgc aacgagcgca accctcgccc cgtgttgcca gcacgttatg
301 gtgggaactc acgggagacc gccggggtta actcggagga aggtggggat gacgtcagat
361 catcatgccc cttacgtcca gggcttcacg catgctacaa tggccggtac agcgggatgc
421 gacatggcga catggagcgg atccctgaaa accggtctca gttcggatcg gagcctgcaa
481 cccggctccg tgaaggcgga gtcgctagta atcgcggatc agcaacgccg cggtgaatgc
541 gttcccgggc cttgtacaca ccgcccgtca agtnatgaaa gtgggcagca cccgaagccg
601 gtggcctaac cccttgtggg atggagccgt ctnaggtgag gc
Cell structure and metabolism
Bifidobacteria are Gram-positive, anaerobic, and nonmotile. The characteristic rod or clubbed shape of Bifidobacterium bifidum varies from 0.5-1.3 μm x 1.5-8 μm. They can be found single or associated in clusters and V-shaped pairs. These bacteria are commonly found curved and in a branched confirmation.
Ecology
Pathology
Application to Biotechnology
Current Research
"Effects of galactooligosaccharide and long-chain fructooligosaccharide supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal microbiota and immunity- a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study."
"Exploring the diversity of the bifidobacterial population in the human intestinal tract."
While the beneficial aspects of bifidobacteria are widely accepted, the diversity and specific composition of the human intestine micro flora are less understood. Researchers conducted this study to identify specific bifidobacterial populations found in human intestines and fecal samples. Their protocol included plating human intestinal mucosal and fecal samples on selective media and further analyzing molecular data of selected rRNA gene sequences of individual colonies. Their findings clearly indicated that the majority, 704 of the 900 isolated colonies, were bifidobacteria. They further identified the six major species of bifidobacteria isolated from the intestine: B. longum, B. pseudocatenulatum, B. adolescentis, B. pseudolongum, B. breve, and B. bifidum, and two species found primarily in fecal samples, B. dentium and B. animalis subp. lactis. Their research indicated a correlation between age and the microbiota distribution of the intestine. A small selection of species were found exclusively in the adult human gut, while other species were found widely distributed. The study uncovered significant variance between individuals in the composition of fecal samples and intestinal mucosal samples as well as mild variance within the same subject (intrasubject variability) in different regions of the intestine. There were a small number of bifidobacteria that indicated the capacity to broadly colonize, which was based on the number that were able to be isolated from wide ecological distributions.
"Isolation of bifidobacteria from breast milk and assessment of the bifidobacterial population by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative real-time PCR."
References
- ↑ journal citation here