High Command Case (NMT): Difference between revisions

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  | author = Airey Neave | title = On Trial at Nuremberg | publisher = Little, Brown | year = 1978
  | author = Airey Neave | title = On Trial at Nuremberg | publisher = Little, Brown | year = 1978
}},pp. 288-295</ref>
}},pp. 288-295</ref>
Two of the defendants were acquitted of all charges.  The remaining eleven were all found guilty on charges of war crimes, crimes against humanity, or both, and imprisoned for terms from life to three years.
==Defendants==
==Defendants==
*[[Wilhelm von Leeb]]— Generalfeldmarschall (General of the Army); October 1935 to February 1938 Commander in Chief Army Group Command (Heeresgruppenkommando) 2; October 1938 to November 1938, Commander in Chief 12th Army; September 1938 to May 1941, Commander in Chief Army Group C; June 1941 to January 1942, Commander in Chief Army Group North.
{| class="wikitable"
*[[Hugo Sperrle]] Generalfeldmarschall (General of the Army); November 1936 to October 1937, Commander of the “Condor Legion” in Spain; February 1938 to January 1939, Commanding General of Air Group (Luftgruppe) 3; February 1939 to August 1944, Commander in Chief Air Fleet (Luftflotte) 3.
|-
*[[Georg von Kuechler]]GEORG KARL FRIEDRICH-WILHELM von KUECHLER — Generalfeldmarschall (General of the Army); September, Commander in Chief 3d Army; October 1939 and November 1939, Commander of East Prussian Defense Zone; November 1939 to January 1942, Commander in Chief 18th Army; January1942 to January 1944, Commander in Chief Army Group North.
! Defendant
*[[Johannes Blaskowitz]] Generaloberst (General); November 1938 to August 1939, Commander in Chief Army Group Command (Heeresgruppenkommando) 3; September 1939 to October 1939, Commander in Chief 8th Army; October 1939, Commander in Chief 2d Army; October 1939 to May1940, Commander in Chief East (Oberbefehlshaber Ost); May 1940, Commander in Chief 9th Army; June 1940, Military Commander (Militarbefehlshaber) Northern France; October 1940 to May 1944, Commander in Chief 1st Army; May 1944 to September 1944, Acting Commander in Chief Army Group G; December 1944 to January 1945, Commander in Chief Army Group G; January 1945 to April 1945, Commander in Chief Army Group H; April 1945, Commander in Chief Netherlands and 25th Army.
! Disposition
*[[Hermann Hoth]] Generaloberst ( General ); November 1938 to November 1940, Commanding General XV Corps; November 1940 to October 1941, Commander Panzer Group 3; October 1941 to April 1942, Commander in Chief 17th Army; May 1942 to December 1943, Commander in Chief 4th Panzer Army.
|-
*[[Hans Reinhardt]] Generaloberst (General); October 1938 to February 1940, Commander 4th Panzer Division; February 1940  to October 1941, Commanding General XLI Corps; October 1941 to August 1944, Commander of Panzer Group 3 (later 3d Panzer Army); August 1944 to January 1945, Acting Commander in Chief Army Group Center.
| [[Wilhelm von Leeb]]
*[[Hans von Salmuth]] Generaloberst (General); 1937 to August 1939, Chief of Staff Army Group Command (Heeresgruppenkommando) 1; September 1939 and October 1939, Chief of Staff Army Group North; October 1939 to May 1941, Chief of Staff Army Group B; May 1941 to February1942, Commanding General XXX Corps;April 1942 and May 1942, Acting Commander in Chief 17th Army; June 1942 and July 1942, Acting Commander in Chief 4th Army; July 1942 to February 1943, Commander in Chief 2d Army; August 1943 to August1944, Commander in Chief 15th Army.
|3 years
*[[Karl Hollidt]]  Generaloberst (General); November 1938 to August 1939, Commander of Infantry (Infanteriefuehrer) in District 9; September 1939, Commander 52d Infantry Division; September 1939 to October 1939, Chief of Staff 5th Army; October 1939 to May 1940, Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief East; May 1940 to October 1940, Chief of Staff 9th Army; October 1940 to January 1942, Commander 50th Infantry Division; January 1942 to December 1942, Commanding General XVII Corps; December 1942 to March 1943, Commander Army (Armeeabteilung) Hollidt; March 1943 to April 1944, Commander in Chief 6th Army.
|-
*[[Otto Schniewind]] Generaladmiral (Admiral); November 1937 to November 1938, Chief of Navy Armament Office (Marine-Wehr-Amt); November 1938 to May 1941, Chief of the Navy Command Office (Marine-Kommando-Amt), and Chief of Staff of the Naval War Staff (Seekriegsleitung); June 1941 to July 1944, Commander of the Fleet (Flottenchef); March 1942 to August 1942, Commander of Naval Battle Forces (Flottenstreitkraefte) in Norway; March 1943 to May 1944, Commander of Naval Group North (Marinegruppe Nord).
|[[Hugo Sperrle]]
*[[Karl von Roques]] — General der Infanterie (Lieutenant General, Infantry); April 1940 to March 1941, Commander of a Division in the Zone of the Interior; March 1941 to June 1942, Commander Rear Area, Army Group (rueckwaertiges Heeresgebiet) South; September 1941 and October 1941, Commanding General of Group (Armeegruppe) von Roques, July 1942 to December 1942, Commander Rear Area, Army Group A.
| Row 2, Column 2
*[[Hermann Reinecke]] H General der Infanterie (Lieutenant General, Infantry); January 1939 to December 1939, Chief of the Department “Armed Forces General Affairs” (Amtsgruppe Allgemeine Wehrmacht-Angelegenheiten) in the High Command of the Armed Forces (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht “OKW”;  1939 to 1945, Chief of the General Office of the OKW (Allgemeines wehrmachtamt); 1943 to 1945, Chief of the National Socialist Guidance Staff of the OKW (N.S. Fuehrungsstab im OKW).
|-
*[[Walter Warlimont]] General der Artillerie (Lieutenant General, Artillery); August 1936 to November 1936, Military Envoy to General Franco in Spain, and Leader of the German Volunteer Corps; November 1938 to September 1944, Chief of Department National Defense (Landesverteidigung (L), in the Armed Forces Operations Staff (Wehrmachtfuehrungsstab “WFSt”) of the OEV; January 1942 toSeptember 1944, Deputy Chief “WFSt” .
| [[Georg von Kuechler]]
*[[Otto Woehler]] General der Infanterie (Lieutenant General, InfantrY); April 1938, Ia (Operations Officer) Army Group 5 (later changed to AOK 14); October 1939 to October 1940, Chief of Staff XVII Corps; October 1940 to May 1942, Chief of Staff 11th Army; May 1942 to February 1943, Chief of Staff Army Group Center;February 1943 to July 1943, Commanding General I Corps; July 1943 and August 1943, Acting Commander XXVI Corps; August 1943 to December 1944, Commander in Chief 8th Army; December 1944 to April 1946, Commander in Chief Army Group South.
| Row 3, Column 2
*[[Rudolf Lehmann]] Generaloberstabsrichter (Lieutenant General, Judge Advocate); July 1938 to May 1944, Ministerial Director in the OKW and Chief of the Legal Division (Wehrmachtrechtswesen: “WR”); May 1944 to May 1945, Judge Advocate General of the OKW (Generaloberstabsrichter).
|-
| [[Johannes Blaskowitz]]
|Committed suicide
|-
| [[Hermann Hoth]]
| Row 3, Column 2
|-
| [[Hans Reinhardt]]
| Row 3, Column 2
|-
| [[Hans von Salmuth]]
| Row 3, Column 2
|-
| [[Karl Hollidt]]   
| Row 3, Column 2
|-
| [[Otto Schniewind]]
| Row 3, Column 2
|-
| [[Karl von Roques]]
| Row 3, Column 2
|-
| [[Hermann Reinecke]]  
| Row 3, Column
|-
| [[Walter Warlimont]]  
| Row 3, Column 2
|-
| [[Otto Woehler]]  
| Row 3, Column 2
|-
| [[Rudolf Lehmann]]
| Row 3, Column 2
|}
 
==Timetable==
==Timetable==
==Charges==
==Charges==
The charges laid against the defendants were:
The charges laid against the defendants were:
#crimes against the peace
#crimes against the peace (i.e., waging aggressive war)
#war crimes and crimes against humanity: crimes against enemy belligerents and prisoners of war  
#war crimes and crimes against humanity: crimes against enemy belligerents and prisoners of war  
#war crimes and crimes against humanity: crimes against civilians
#war crimes and crimes against humanity: crimes against civilians
#common plan or conspiracy.   
#common plan or conspiracy.   


The latter charge was dismissed on the grounds "as tendering no issue not contained in the preceding Counts."  The war crimes and crimes against humanity indictments included criminal responsibility in connection with the implementation of the [[Commissar Order]], the [[Barbarossa Jurisdiction Order]],  the [[Night and Fog Decree]] (Nacht und Nebel), the [[Hostages and Reprisals Order]], murder and ill-treatment of prisoners of war and of the civilian population in occupied territories and their employment as slave laborers, cooperation between the Wehrmacht and the SS in connection with the persecution and execution of Jews and other segments of the population, and plunder and spoliation.
The conspiracy charge was dismissed on the grounds "as tendering no issue not contained in the preceding Counts."  All defendants were judged to have been below the policy-making level and acquitted of the first charge.<ref>United Nations War Crimes Commission, p. 70</ref>


The issue of hostage taking was also addressed in the "High Command Case", where the tribunal concluded that:
The war crimes and crimes against humanity indictments included criminal responsibility in connection with the implementation of the [[Commissar Order]], the [[Barbarossa Jurisdiction Order]], the [[Night and Fog Decree]] (Nacht und Nebel), the [[Hostages and Reprisals Order]], murder and ill-treatment of prisoners of war and of the civilian population in occupied territories and their employment as slave laborers, cooperation between the Wehrmacht and the SS in connection with the persecution and execution of Jews and other segments of the population, and plunder and spoliation.
 
If so inhumane a measure as the killing of innocent persons for offences of others, even when drastically safeguarded and limited, is ever permissible under any theory of International Law, killing without full compliance with all requirements would be murder. If killing is not permissible under any circumstances, then a killing with the full compliance with all the mentioned prerequisites still would be murder.<ref> United Nations War Crimes Commission. The German High Command Trial. New York: Howard Fertig, 1994, pp. 84-85</ref>
 
 
The fourteen defendants were all senior officers in the army and navy, or in the German High Command, OKW. Defendant Blaskowitz committed suicide in prison before the conclusion of the trial.  
 
Some of the acts that were included under (2) above were described as follows:


Hostage taking was also considered in the [[Hostages Case (NMT)]]; the taking and execution of hostages was not always impermissible in international law.
===War crimes===
Unlawful orders initiated, drafted, distributed and executed by the defendants directed that certain enemy troops be refused quarter and be denied the status and rights of prisoners of war, and that certain captured members of the military forces of nations at war with Germany be summarily executed.  ...  prisoners of war were denied rights to which they were entitled under conventions and the laws and customs of war.  Soldiers were branded, denied adequate food, shelter, clothing and care, subjected to all types of cruelties and unlawful reprisals, tortured and murdered.  Special screening and extermination units....operating with the support and under the jurisdiction of the Wehrmacht, selected and killed prisoners of war for religious, political and racial reasons.  Many recaptured prisoners were ordered executed.
Unlawful orders initiated, drafted, distributed and executed by the defendants directed that certain enemy troops be refused quarter and be denied the status and rights of prisoners of war, and that certain captured members of the military forces of nations at war with Germany be summarily executed.  ...  prisoners of war were denied rights to which they were entitled under conventions and the laws and customs of war.  Soldiers were branded, denied adequate food, shelter, clothing and care, subjected to all types of cruelties and unlawful reprisals, tortured and murdered.  Special screening and extermination units....operating with the support and under the jurisdiction of the Wehrmacht, selected and killed prisoners of war for religious, political and racial reasons.  Many recaptured prisoners were ordered executed.


Acts under (3) above included participation in atrocities and offenses that included:
===Crimes against Humanity===
 
Murder, extermination, ill-treatment, torture, conscription to forced labour, deportation to slave labour or for other purposes, imprisonment without cause, killing of hostages, persecutions on political, racial and religious grounds, plunder of public and private property, wanton destruction of cities, towns and villages, devastation not justified by military necessity, and other inhumane and criminal acts against German nationals and members of the civilian populations of countries and territories under the belligerent occupation of, or otherwise controlled by Germany. <ref>United Nations War Crimes Commission, pp.3-4</ref>
        ...
murder, extermination, ill-treatment, torture, conscription to forced labour, deportation to slave labour or for other purposes, imprisonment without cause, killing of hostages, persecutions on political, racial and religious grounds, plunder of public and private property, wanton destruction of cities, towns and villages, devastation not justified by military necessity, and other inhumane and criminal acts against German nationals and members of the civilian populations of countries and territories under the belligerent occupation of, or otherwise controlled by Germany. The defendants committed War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity, in that they were principals in, accessories to, ordered, abetted, took a consenting part in, were connected with plans and enterprises involving, and were members of organizations and groups which were connected with, the commission of War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity. [Source:United Nations War Crimes Commission, pp.3-4]
 
    As noted earlier, the Conspiracy charge was dismissed by the tribunal.  On the charge of waging aggressive war the Tribunal returned a finding of not guilty, on the grounds that "The acts of Commanders and Staff Officers below the policy level, in planning campaigns, preparing means for carrying them out, moving against a country on orders and fighting a war after it has been instituted, do not constitute the planning, preparation, initiation and waging of a war or the initiation of invasion that International Law denounces as criminal. Under the record we find the defendants were not on the policy level, and are not guilty under Count I of the Indictment." (United Nations War Crimes Commission, p.70)
 
Two of the defendants were acquitted of all charges.  The remaining eleven were all found guilty on charges (2) and (3) above, war crimes and crimes against humanity, and sentenced to terms of imprisonment ranging from life to three years.
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}

Revision as of 21:05, 20 February 2009

Case No. 12 of the Nuremberg Military Tribunals was the High Command Case (NMT), United States against Wilhelm von Leeb, et al.[1] In the four-power International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg), the High Command itself was not determined to be a criminal conspiracy. [2]

Two of the defendants were acquitted of all charges. The remaining eleven were all found guilty on charges of war crimes, crimes against humanity, or both, and imprisoned for terms from life to three years.

Defendants

Defendant Disposition
Wilhelm von Leeb 3 years
Hugo Sperrle Row 2, Column 2
Georg von Kuechler Row 3, Column 2
Johannes Blaskowitz Committed suicide
Hermann Hoth Row 3, Column 2
Hans Reinhardt Row 3, Column 2
Hans von Salmuth Row 3, Column 2
Karl Hollidt Row 3, Column 2
Otto Schniewind Row 3, Column 2
Karl von Roques Row 3, Column 2
Hermann Reinecke Row 3, Column
Walter Warlimont Row 3, Column 2
Otto Woehler Row 3, Column 2
Rudolf Lehmann Row 3, Column 2

Timetable

Charges

The charges laid against the defendants were:

  1. crimes against the peace (i.e., waging aggressive war)
  2. war crimes and crimes against humanity: crimes against enemy belligerents and prisoners of war
  3. war crimes and crimes against humanity: crimes against civilians
  4. common plan or conspiracy.

The conspiracy charge was dismissed on the grounds "as tendering no issue not contained in the preceding Counts." All defendants were judged to have been below the policy-making level and acquitted of the first charge.[3]

The war crimes and crimes against humanity indictments included criminal responsibility in connection with the implementation of the Commissar Order, the Barbarossa Jurisdiction Order, the Night and Fog Decree (Nacht und Nebel), the Hostages and Reprisals Order, murder and ill-treatment of prisoners of war and of the civilian population in occupied territories and their employment as slave laborers, cooperation between the Wehrmacht and the SS in connection with the persecution and execution of Jews and other segments of the population, and plunder and spoliation.

Hostage taking was also considered in the Hostages Case (NMT); the taking and execution of hostages was not always impermissible in international law.

War crimes

Unlawful orders initiated, drafted, distributed and executed by the defendants directed that certain enemy troops be refused quarter and be denied the status and rights of prisoners of war, and that certain captured members of the military forces of nations at war with Germany be summarily executed. ... prisoners of war were denied rights to which they were entitled under conventions and the laws and customs of war. Soldiers were branded, denied adequate food, shelter, clothing and care, subjected to all types of cruelties and unlawful reprisals, tortured and murdered. Special screening and extermination units....operating with the support and under the jurisdiction of the Wehrmacht, selected and killed prisoners of war for religious, political and racial reasons. Many recaptured prisoners were ordered executed.

Crimes against Humanity

Murder, extermination, ill-treatment, torture, conscription to forced labour, deportation to slave labour or for other purposes, imprisonment without cause, killing of hostages, persecutions on political, racial and religious grounds, plunder of public and private property, wanton destruction of cities, towns and villages, devastation not justified by military necessity, and other inhumane and criminal acts against German nationals and members of the civilian populations of countries and territories under the belligerent occupation of, or otherwise controlled by Germany. [4]

References

  1. ↑ Papers of the International Military Tribunal and the Nuremberg Military Tribunals, ArchivesHub, a national gateway to descriptions of archives in UK universities and colleges, University of Southampton Libraries Special Collections Reference: GB 0738 MS 200
  2. ↑ Airey Neave (1978), On Trial at Nuremberg, Little, Brown,pp. 288-295
  3. ↑ United Nations War Crimes Commission, p. 70
  4. ↑ United Nations War Crimes Commission, pp.3-4
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