Commutator: Difference between revisions
imported>Richard Pinch (def commutator subgroup) |
imported>Richard Pinch (derived groups) |
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:<math> [x,y] = x^{-1} y^{-1} x y \, </math> | :<math> [x,y] = x^{-1} y^{-1} x y \, </math> | ||
(although variants on this definition are possible). Elements ''x'' and ''y'' commute if and only if the commutator [''x'',''y''] is equal to the group identity. The '''commutator subgroup''' of ''G'' is the [[subgroup]] generated by all commutators, written [ | (although variants on this definition are possible). Elements ''x'' and ''y'' commute if and only if the commutator [''x'',''y''] is equal to the group identity. The '''commutator subgroup''' or '''derived group''' of ''G'' is the [[subgroup]] generated by all commutators, written <math>G^{(1)}</math> or <math>[G,G]</math>. It is [[normal subgroup|normal]] and indeed [[characteristic subgroup|characteristic]] and the quotient ''G''/[''G'',''G''] is [[Abelian group|abelian]]. A quotient of ''G'' by a normal subgroup ''N'' is abelian if and only if ''N'' contains the commutator subgroup. | ||
Commutators of higher order are defined iteratively as | |||
:<math> [x_1,x2_,\ldots,x_{n-1},x_n] = [x_1,[x_2,\ldots,[x_{n-1},x_n]\ldots]] . \,</math> | |||
The higher derived groups are defined as <math>G^{(1)} = [G,G]</math>, <math>G^{(2)} = [G^{(1)},G^{(1)}]</math> and so on. | |||
==Ring theory== | ==Ring theory== | ||
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:<math> [x,y] = x y - y x . \, </math> | :<math> [x,y] = x y - y x . \, </math> | ||
==References== | |||
* {{cite book | author=Marshall Hall jr | title=The theory of groups | publisher=Macmillan | location=New York | year=1959 | pages=123-124 }} | |||
Revision as of 11:23, 8 November 2008
In algebra, the commutator of two elements of an algebraic structure is a measure of whether the algebraic operation is commutative.
Group theory
In a group, written multiplicatively, the commutator of elements x and y may be defined as
![{\displaystyle [x,y]=x^{-1}y^{-1}xy\,}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/669e32fa7cb3d478ce19bc24b0f500519d5372e5)
(although variants on this definition are possible). Elements x and y commute if and only if the commutator [x,y] is equal to the group identity. The commutator subgroup or derived group of G is the subgroup generated by all commutators, written or . It is normal and indeed characteristic and the quotient G/[G,G] is abelian. A quotient of G by a normal subgroup N is abelian if and only if N contains the commutator subgroup.
![{\displaystyle [G,G]}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6ddf7a724a331d1e12ffa6571ba246ebf08f1335)
Commutators of higher order are defined iteratively as
![{\displaystyle [x_{1},x2_{,}\ldots ,x_{n-1},x_{n}]=[x_{1},[x_{2},\ldots ,[x_{n-1},x_{n}]\ldots ]].\,}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c11750e1de1fab997feaf623209e74a7680734a9)
The higher derived groups are defined as , and so on.
![{\displaystyle G^{(1)}=[G,G]}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/214618d2144d71452dc80051b136033a49b88e9b)
![{\displaystyle G^{(2)}=[G^{(1)},G^{(1)}]}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/67f1e8a1883662ecbb8f679ed3f03274d9f4e334)
Ring theory
In a ring, the commutator of elements x and y may be defined as
![{\displaystyle [x,y]=xy-yx.\,}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7128822399d11b7613dd124ef3cd7ecd7824c1d9)
References
- Marshall Hall jr (1959). The theory of groups. New York: Macmillan, 123-124.