Royal Navy

The Royal Navy is the official name of the United Kingdom's Navy. It's history goes back hundreds of years.

History

The Royal Navy was Britain's principal weapon against Revolutionary France, and France under Napoleon Bonaparte, during the twenty year conflict between those two nations. In 1815, after the defeat of Napoleon, the strength of the Royal Navy left Britain the World's pre-eminent naval power.

Early in the twentieth century the World's navies introduced a revolutionary design of battleships that was considered to render all earlier battleships obsolete. The first Royal Navy example of these new battleships was the HMS Dreadnought. The new vessels were known as "Dreadnoughts, even if they were built for other navies.

The two differences introduced with this class of vessels was that they were equipped with a large main battery of a single, uniform caliber of large, long range, cannons; and they were powered by new, more powerful, steam turbine engines, in place of the older technology of triple expansion steam piston engines.

The large main battery of long range cannons of a single caliber enabled engaging enemy targets at longer range, by firing simultaneous [salvo]]s from the entire battery at one time. The main gunnery officer would sit in a gunnery director in an armoured tower, where they could observe the fall of shot, and tell all the guns in the battery to correct their shared aim.

Germany started buidling its own fleet of all big gun battleships. The two navies were seen to be in a high-profile ship-building arms race.

World War 1

During World War 1 there was only a single battle between the Royal Navy's fleet of dreadnoughts, and Germany's High Seas Fleet. Some commentators describe the Battle of Jutland as indecisive, because both fleets continued to pose a serious threat. Some describe it as a German victory, because the Germans sank more vessels. Some describe it as a British victory, because Britain had control of the seas prior to the battle, and the German fleet remained in port for the duration of the war.

World War 1 also saw the introduction of the submarine or u-boat, as a commerce raider. The Gmeran use of u-boats was countered by the development of convoys, with a convoy escort force armed with depth charges.

Washington Naval Treaty

Following World War the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, France and Italy agreed to sign the Washington Naval Treaty capping the tonnage of various classes of warships, in order to prevent another exhausting naval arms race. After a long period of negotiation the treaty was signed in 1921. The treaty capped the size of battleships at 39,000 tons. Cruisers were capped at 10,000 tons. The treaty allowed the United Kingdom and the USA to have fleets of fifteen battleships. Japan was capped at nine battleships. The other signatories were capped at six battleships. The size of Germany's navy was capped by the Treaty of Versailles. Germany was allowed "battleships", capped at 10,000 tons -- the size of the obsolete pre-dreadnought battleships.

The signatories all basically complied with the treaty, into the 1930s. Germany and Japan are generally regarded as the first nations to covertly subvert the treaty's limits. By the time World War 2 seemed imminent all the signatories were quietly ignoring the treaty limits.

World War 2

In 1940, at the Battle of Taranto torpedo equipped warplanes launched from a Royal Navy Aircraft Carrier provided the first practical demonstration of the vulnerability of battleships to aerial attack, sinking or damaging much of Italy's fleet.

By World War 2 Germany had four battleships, three [[pocket battleships, and had converted twelve fast freignters into auxiliary cruisers, with hidden guns, that would cruise the World's commercial shipping lanes masquerading as merchant vessels. But the greatest threat the German navy posed was its u-boat fleet. Germany was to build hundreds of u-boats to restrict the vital flow of supplies to Britain. To counter the U-boat wolf packs the Royal Navy built hundreds of destroyers, and smaller convoy escort vessels, like the Flower Class Corvettes.

Post World War 2

Following World War 2, the Royal Navy, like every other navy, except the US Navy, retired all its battleships, because World War 2 had shown they were too vulnerable to aerial attack. World War 2 had exhausted the United Kingdom, which allowed almost all of its colonies to become independent. And the post-war Royal Navy was much smaller, no longer trying to match the US Navy in tonnage or number of vessels.

Post war Royal Navy air craft carriers were the first to carry vertical take-off fighters, allowing them to carry modern jet aircraft, in a smaller vessel than the big American air craft carriers.

Falklands War

(CC) Image: George Swan
View of the Earth centred over South Georgia Island.

Unexpectedly, in 1983, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands and South Georgia. At the time the the Islands' garrison was two platoons of Royal Marines. The United Kingdom had just two aircraft carriers, at the time of the invasion. The older of the two aircraft carriers had its retirmenet postponed. Long range Royal Air Force bombers, from Ascension Island, destroyed the Falklands' airfields, preventing Argentina basing fighters there, or resupplying the Falklands by air. A large task force proceeded to the Falklands, and allowed ground forces to engage the cut-off Argentine ground forces.

The Argentinian greatest success came through the use of long range Exocet anti-ship cruise missiles. Several vessels were sunk, even when the Exocet's warhead didn't explode, because the missile's rocket engines were hot enough to ignite the vessel's aluminium superstructure.

Post-Falklands War

The Royal Navy currently has three aircraft carriers, and the use of aluminium in constructtion has been cut back.