Sympathetic nervous system: Difference between revisions
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* Dilates pupils and relaxes the lens, allowing more light to enter the [[eye]]. | * Dilates pupils and relaxes the lens, allowing more light to enter the [[eye]]. | ||
== | ==Molecular biology== | ||
===Adrenergic receptor=== | |||
{{main|adrenergic receptor}} | |||
Polymorphisms of the [[adrenergic receptor]] may affect clinical outcomes.<ref>{{OMIM|109630}}</ref><ref name="pmid17585213">{{cite journal |author=Zaugg M, Bestmann L, Wacker J, ''et al'' |title=Adrenergic receptor genotype but not perioperative bisoprolol therapy may determine cardiovascular outcome in at-risk patients undergoing surgery with spinal block: the Swiss Beta Blocker in Spinal Anesthesia (BBSA) study: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial with 1-year follow-up |journal=Anesthesiology |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=33–44 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17585213 |doi=10.1097/01.anes.0000267530.62344.a4 |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?an=00000542-200707000-00010 |issn=}}</ref> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=109630) | |||
===G-protein-coupled receptor kinase=== | |||
{{main|G-protein-coupled receptor kinase}} | |||
Polymorphisms of [[G-protein-coupled receptor kinase]] (GRK5) may underlie racial differences in the affect of treatment of [[heart failure]].<ref>{{OMIM|600870}}</ref> There is conflicting evidence whether [[beta-blocker]]s [[medication]]s are as effective in African-American patients as in Anglo patients.<ref name="pmid12742294">{{cite journal |author=Shekelle PG, Rich MW, Morton SC, ''et al'' |title=Efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers in the management of left ventricular systolic dysfunction according to race, gender, and diabetic status: a meta-analysis of major clinical trials |journal=J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. |volume=41 |issue=9 |pages=1529–38 |year=2003 |pmid=12742294 |doi=}}</ref> GRK5 may confer a natural "genetic beta-blockade".<ref name="pmid18425130">{{cite journal |author=Liggett SB, Cresci S, Kelly RJ, ''et al.'' |title=A GRK5 polymorphism that inhibits beta-adrenergic receptor signaling is protective in heart failure |journal=Nat. Med. |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=510–7 |year=2008 |month=May |pmid=18425130 |pmc=2596476 |doi=10.1038/nm1750 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1750 |issn=}}</ref> | |||
[[Genetic polymorphism]]s may affect the response in [[asthma]] to [[adrenergic beta-agonist]]s by patients of African descent.<ref name="pmid18622265">{{cite journal |author=Wang WC, Mihlbachler KA, Bleecker ER, Weiss ST, Liggett SB |title=A polymorphism of G-protein coupled receptor kinase5 alters agonist-promoted desensitization of beta2-adrenergic receptors |journal=Pharmacogenet. Genomics |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=729–32 |year=2008 |month=August |pmid=18622265 |doi=10.1097/FPC.0b013e32830967e9 |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=1744-6872&volume=18&issue=8&spage=729 |issn=}}</ref> | |||
===Cytochrome P-450=== | |||
{{main|cytochrome P-450}} | |||
Polymorphisms of the [[cytochrome P-450]] are eligible for more drug interactions (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=124030; PMID 11710893; PMID 12571261) and more inherited variation in metabolism<ref name="pmid16220080">{{cite journal |author=Nozawa T, Taguchi M, Tahara K, ''et al'' |title=Influence of CYP2D6 genotype on metoprolol plasma concentration and beta-adrenergic inhibition during long-term treatment: a comparison with bisoprolol |journal=J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=713–20 |year=2005 |month=November |pmid=16220080 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0160-2446&volume=46&issue=5&spage=713 |issn=}}</ref>. | |||
==References== | |||
<references/> | |||
Revision as of 14:43, 14 July 2009
The sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system has the following functions:
- Diverts blood flow away from the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract and skin via vasoconstriction.
- Blood flow to skeletal muscles, the lung is not only maintained, but enhanced (by as much as 1200%, in the case of skeletal muscles).
- Dilates bronchioles of the lung, which allows for greater alveolar oxygen exchange.
- Increases heart rate and the contractility of cardiac cells (myocytes), thereby providing a mechanism for the enhanced blood flow to skeletal muscles.
- Dilates pupils and relaxes the lens, allowing more light to enter the eye.
Molecular biology
Adrenergic receptor
Polymorphisms of the adrenergic receptor may affect clinical outcomes.[1][2] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=109630)
G-protein-coupled receptor kinase
Polymorphisms of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK5) may underlie racial differences in the affect of treatment of heart failure.[3] There is conflicting evidence whether beta-blockers medications are as effective in African-American patients as in Anglo patients.[4] GRK5 may confer a natural "genetic beta-blockade".[5]
Genetic polymorphisms may affect the response in asthma to adrenergic beta-agonists by patients of African descent.[6]
Cytochrome P-450
Polymorphisms of the cytochrome P-450 are eligible for more drug interactions (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=124030; PMID 11710893; PMID 12571261) and more inherited variation in metabolism[7].
References
- ↑ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, OMIM®. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. MIM Number: 109630. World Wide Web URL: http://omim.org/.
- ↑ Zaugg M, Bestmann L, Wacker J, et al (July 2007). "Adrenergic receptor genotype but not perioperative bisoprolol therapy may determine cardiovascular outcome in at-risk patients undergoing surgery with spinal block: the Swiss Beta Blocker in Spinal Anesthesia (BBSA) study: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial with 1-year follow-up". Anesthesiology 107 (1): 33–44. DOI:10.1097/01.anes.0000267530.62344.a4. PMID 17585213. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, OMIM®. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. MIM Number: 600870. World Wide Web URL: http://omim.org/.
- ↑ Shekelle PG, Rich MW, Morton SC, et al (2003). "Efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers in the management of left ventricular systolic dysfunction according to race, gender, and diabetic status: a meta-analysis of major clinical trials". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 41 (9): 1529–38. PMID 12742294. [e]
- ↑ Liggett SB, Cresci S, Kelly RJ, et al. (May 2008). "A GRK5 polymorphism that inhibits beta-adrenergic receptor signaling is protective in heart failure". Nat. Med. 14 (5): 510–7. DOI:10.1038/nm1750. PMID 18425130. PMC 2596476. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Wang WC, Mihlbachler KA, Bleecker ER, Weiss ST, Liggett SB (August 2008). "A polymorphism of G-protein coupled receptor kinase5 alters agonist-promoted desensitization of beta2-adrenergic receptors". Pharmacogenet. Genomics 18 (8): 729–32. DOI:10.1097/FPC.0b013e32830967e9. PMID 18622265. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Nozawa T, Taguchi M, Tahara K, et al (November 2005). "Influence of CYP2D6 genotype on metoprolol plasma concentration and beta-adrenergic inhibition during long-term treatment: a comparison with bisoprolol". J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 46 (5): 713–20. PMID 16220080. [e]