Richard Hildreth

Richard Hildreth (June 28, 1807 in Deerfield, Mass. - July 11, 1865 in Florence, Italy), was an American historian, journalist, novelist, philosopher and anti-slavery activist. He is best known for his well-researched, highly accurate, but passionless and dull, The History of the United States of America in 6 volumes.

Life

He was the son of Hosea Hildreth (1782-1835), a teacher of mathematics and later a Congregational minister.

Richard graduated Harvard College in 1826, and, after studying law at Newburyport, Massachusetts, was admitted to the bar at Boston in 1830. He had already taken to journalism, and in 1832 he became joint founder and editor of a daily newspaper, the Boston Atlas.

Having in 1834 gone to the South for the benefit of his health, he was led by what he witnessed of the evils of slavery (chiefly in Florida) to write the anti-slavery novel The Slave: or Memoir of Archy Moore (1836; enlarged edition, 1852, The White Slave). In 1837 he wrote for the Atlas a series of articles vigorously opposing the annexation of Texas. In the same year he published Banks, Banking, and Paper Currencies, a work which helped to promote the growth of the free banking system in America.

In 1838 he resumed his editorial duties on the Atlas, but in 1840 removed, on account of his health, to British Guiana, where he lived for three years and was editor of two weekly newspapers in succession at Georgetown, Guyana. He published in this year (1840) a volume in opposition to slavery, Despotism in America (2nd ed., 1854).

From September 1846 to September 1847, Hildreth lived again in Demerara. In 1849 he published the first three volumes of his History of the United States, adding two more volumes in 1851 and the sixth and last in 1852. The first three volumes of this history, his most important work, deal with the period from 1492 to 1789, and the second three with the period up to 1821. The history is notable for its painstaking accuracy and candor. The later volumes favor the Federalist Party. In dealing with the Jeffersonians, Hildreth calls them both "Republicans" and "Democrats" on the same page, but never "Democratic Republicans."

In the middle of the 1850's he moved to New York, where he began writing for Horace Greeley's radical New York Tribune. In 1857 he lost almost all of his savings, which he had invested in railway loans, due to a financial crisis. His health was so bad, that he decided once more to laeve the United States and to live alone in Demerara. This was the third time he did so.

Hildreth's Japan as It Was and Is (1855) was at the time a valuable digest of the information contained in other works on that country (new ed., 1906). He also wrote a campaign biography of William Henry Harrison (1839); Theory of Morals (1844); and Theory of Politics (1853), as well as Lives of Atrocious Judges (1856), compiled from Lord Campbell's two works. Between 1857 and 1860 Hildreth wrote several anti-slavery tracts for the fledgling Republican party under various pseudonyms.

Poor health forced him to retire from his writing career in 1860. Massachusetts Governor Nathaniel Prentiss Banks and Senator Charles Sumner successfully lobbied for Hildreth's appointment as the United States consul at Trieste in 1861. But his health deteriorated so severely that he had to resign. Under humiliating conditions, he and his wife had to travel through Italy to give his wife the chance to earn their livelihood by portrait paintings. He died in Florence, Italy, where he is buried in the English Cemetery [? check] beside Theodore Parker. His wife died two years later of cholera, on August 18, 1867 in Naples.

Bibliography

Main Works

• Hildreth, Richard. The Slave; or, Memoirs of Archy Moore. 2 vols. Boston: J. H. Eastburn, 1836. Archy Moore, the White Slave; or, Memoirs of a Fugitive. With a new introduction, prepared for this edition. New York: Miller, Orton, and Mulligan, 1856. (The first edition was published anonymously.) online 1836 edition; The white slave, another picture of slave life in America. 1st Engl. illustr. ed 1856
• Hildreth, Richard. Theory of Morals: An Inquiry Concerning the Law of Moral Distinctions (1844) online edition
• Hildreth, Richard. The History of Banks: To Which Is Added, a Demonstration of the Advantages and Necessity of Free Competition in the Business of Banking. Boston: Hilliard, Gray, 1837. Banks, Banking, and Paper Currencies. Revised and enlarged ed. Boston: Whipple and Damrell, 1840. (The first edition was published anonymously.) Online at books.google.com
• Hildreth, Richard. Despotism in America: An Inquiry into the Nature, Results, and Legal Basis of the Slave-Holding System in the United States. 3rd, revised and enlarged edition. Boston: John P. Jewett, / New York: Sheldon, Lamport and Blakeman, 1854. (The first edition was published anonymously with a slightly different title by Whipple and Damrell in Boston in 1840.)
• Hildreth, Richard. The History of the United States of America. 6 vols. Revised edition. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1856-1860. (First published as The History of the United States of America, from the Discovery of the Continent to the Organization of Government under the Federal Constitution, 1497-1788, 3 vols. [New York: Harper and Brothers, 1849], and The History of the United States of America, from the Adoption of the Federal Constitution to the End of the Sixteenth Congress, 1788-1821, 3 vols., [New York: Harper and Brothers, 1851-52].) Online availability at books.google.com:
  • Volume 1 [1]
  • Volume 2 [2]
  • Volume 3 [3]
  • Volume 4 (covering the years 1788 to 1796) [4]
  • Volume 5 (covering the years 1797 to 1800) [5]

Secondary literature

• Baumgardt, David. "The Forgotten Moralist: Richard Hildreth's Theory of Morals," Ethics Vol. 57, No. 3 (Apr., 1947), pp. 191-198 in JSTOR
• Brandstadter, Evan. "Uncle Tom and Archy Moore: The Antislavery Novel as Ideological Symbol," American Quarterly Vol. 26, No. 2 (May, 1974), pp. 160-175 in JSTOR
• Emerson, Donald E. Richard Hildreth Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1946. in QUESTIA
• Emerson, Donald E. "Hildreth, Draper, and 'Scientific History'." In Historiography and Urbanization: Essays in American History in Honor of W. Stull Holt, 139-70. Ed. by Eric F. Goldman. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1941.
• Friedland, Louis S. "Richard Hildreth's Minor Works." Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 40 (First quarter 1946):127-50. (With a "Bibliography of Richard Hildreth's Minor Works," 139-50.)
• Harmond, Richard. "The Maverick and the Red Man: Richard Hildreth Views the American Indian" The History Teacher Vol. 7, No. 1 (Nov., 1973), pp. 37-47 in JSTOR
• Kelly, Alfred H. "Richard Hildreth." In The Marcus W. Jernegan Essays in American Historiography, 25-42. Ed. by William T. Hutchinson. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1937.
• Oard, Ronald Joseph. "Bancroft and Hildreth: A Critical Evaluation." Ph.D. dissertation, St. Louis University, 1961.
• Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. "The Problem of Richard Hildreth." New England Quarterly 13, no. 2 (June 1940):223-45. in JSTOR
• Wish, Harvey. The American Historian: A Social-Intellectual History of the Writing of the American Past. New York: Oxford University Press, 1960. (Chapter 4 on Hildreth.) in QUESTIA