World War II

World War II 1939-1945

Name

In the Commonwealth nations, official histories of the various militaries universally refer to the conflict as the Second World War. This style also follows literaly translations of other nations' official designation for the conflict, e.g. Zweiter Weltkrieg in German. The official histories of the United States armed forces refer to the conflict as World War II or World War Two, and that term is now often used in Canada and the UK as well.

Parts of the world, especially Latin America, were largely unaffected directly by the conflict, with significant concentrations of activity in the European, north African, Russian, and Pacific theatres.

Causes and Diplomacy

See World War II, Origins

Land Warfare

Europe

Allied strategy and supply lines

Polish Campaign

Both Germany and the Soviet Union participated in an armed invasion and occupation of Poland, beginning with an initial German attack on September 1, 1939. The German invasion has often been referred to as "blitzkrieg" (lighting war) but in actual fact the German Army used traditional concepts of warfare wedded to existing technologies in order to achieve spectacular results against the relatively unprepared Poles.

France and Great Britain, having sworn to defend Poland, declared war on Germany but in the end were unable to provide material assistance. The Soviet Union launched its own invasion of Polish territory, and Slovak troops also participated in operations on Polish soil. Poland officially capitulated in August.

Phony War

Winter War

Invasion of Norway

France and the Low Countries

Battle of Britain

Invasion of Greece

Invasion of Yugoslavia

Operation Barbarossa

Continuation War

Battle of Sicily

Operation Husky: Invasion of Sicily, 1943

Italian Campaign

Invasion of Italy 1943

Battle of Normandy

Northwest Europe Campaign

Southern France

Crossing the Rhine

Battle of Berlin

China

see CBI

Southwest Pacific

• Guadalcanal campaign
• Coaral Sea, battle of

Naval Warfare

see World War II, Pacific see Battle of the Atlantic

Major battles

• Pearl Harbor, battle of
• Midway, battle of
• Philippine Sea, battle of
• Battle of the Atlantic
• Leyte Gulf, battle of
• Iwo Jima, battle of
• Okinawa, battle of

Major developments

On December 8, 1941, the battleship, with large guns as its primary weapon, had become secondary to the aircraft carrier as the dominant ship of the world's navies. the last combat between battleships was the Battle of Surigao Strait on 25 October 1944.

Naval aviation, primarily carrier-based but with some significant activity by land-based aircraft, became the centerpiece of combat at sea, although submarines, primarily operating alone, was also decisive. Defense against aircraft attack also advanced quickly, with the key technologies of radar, improved anti-aircraft artillery with proximity-fuzed shells, combat air patrol doctrine, and combat information center coordination. Defense was especially important against the first large-scale use of precision-guided munitions, or kamikaze aircraft with pilots intending to die with their airplanes crashing into ships.

Amphibious warfare doctrine and practice constantly improved.

replenishment at sea allowed U.S. fleets to operate for long periods, away from bases. This was a major force multiplier.

Air War

see World War II, air war

Economics

• World War II, Homefront
• World War II, Homefront, U.S.

War Crimes

Holocaust

• see Holocaust
• see Holocaust denial
• see Turkey and the Holocaust

Results and Aftermath

Japan

Total Japanese military fatalities between 1937 and 1945 were 2.1 million; most came in the last year of the war. Starvation or malnutrition-re­lated illness accounted for roughly 80 percent of Japanese military deaths in the Philippines, and 50 percent of military fatalities in China. The aerial bombing of a total of 65 Japanese cities appears to have taken a minimum of 400,000 and possibly closer to 600,000 civlian lives (over 100,000 in Tokyo alone, over 200,000 in Hiroshima and Nagasaki combined, and 80,000-150,000 civilian deaths in the battle of Okina­wa). Civilian death among settlers who died attempting to re­turn to Japan from Manchuria in the winter of 1945 were probably around 100,000.

Bibliography

• see World War II, Origins
• World War II, air war
• CBI, China-Burma-India theater
• World War II, Europe
• World War II, Pacific
• World War II, Homefront
• World War II, Homefront, U.S.
• Joseph Stalin
• Adolf Hitler
• Chiang Jai-shek
• Winston Churchill
• Franklin D. Roosevelt