Units of radioactivity: Difference between revisions
imported>Howard C. Berkowitz (Curies and Becquerels) |
imported>Howard C. Berkowitz No edit summary |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{subpages}} | {{subpages}} | ||
[[Image:RadiationUnitRelations.png|left|450px|thumb|Relations among units]] | |||
{{TOC|right}} | {{TOC|right}} | ||
For the quantitative measurement of different aspects of [[radioactivity]], there are a substantial number of '''units of radioactivity'''. The number is relatively high because the aspects include the energy of a radiation source, as well as the effect of [[ionizing radiation]] in air, absorbed in arbitrary materials, and specific effects on biological systems. Doubling the number of units is the reality that they are defined both for the [[International System of Units]] (SI) and in [[U.S. customary units|"traditional" or "customary"]] units. | For the quantitative measurement of different aspects of [[radioactivity]], there are a substantial number of '''units of radioactivity'''. The number is relatively high because the aspects include the energy of a radiation source, as well as the effect of [[ionizing radiation]] in air, absorbed in arbitrary materials, and specific effects on biological systems. Doubling the number of units is the reality that they are defined both for the [[International System of Units]] (SI) and in [[U.S. customary units|"traditional" or "customary"]] units. | ||
| Line 6: | Line 7: | ||
==Activity of a source of radiation== | |||
As opposed to most of the other units, the SI unit Becquerel (Si) and the common unit Curie (Ci) deal with the activity of the source, not the effects on radioactivity reaching its destination. Linked with area or volume measurements, these units are useful in giving a quantitative measurement of contamination of areas of the ground or volumes of water. When the source contains multiple [[isotope]]s, as with a reactor accident, it is most useful to state activity of each isotope. | |||
===Basic units=== | |||
1 Bq = 1 event of radiation emission per second. Since this is a very small unit, common measurements are: | |||
*1 kBq = 10<sup>3</sup> Bq | |||
*1 MBq = 10<sup>6</sup> Bq | |||
*1 GBq = 10<sup>9</sup> Bq | |||
The older unit, the Curie (Ci), is equal to 37 GBq. The Curie is a large unit, so common representations are | |||
*1 mCi = 10<sup>-3</sup>Ci | |||
*1 uCi = 10<sup>-6</sup>Ci | |||
*1 nCi = 10<sup>-9</sup>Ci | |||
*1 pCi = 10<sup>-12</sup>Ci | |||
Linking the two sets of units, | |||
<center>1 Bq = 27 pCi</center> | |||
===Measuring contamination=== | |||
Contamination of surfaces, such as the ground near a radiation release, is stated in Bq or Ci units per square [[metre]]. Contamination of water is expressed in Bg or Ci per [[liter]]. | |||
===Refining activity=== | |||
Neither the Bq nor the Ci measure the energy of release from the source, only its rate. The energy is specified in [[electronvolt]]s. | |||
==Ionization of air== | |||
==Absorption in materials== | |||
==Biologic effects== | |||
==Qualifiers== | |||
==Decay reactions== | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| Line 46: | Line 82: | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 12:27, 6 April 2011
For the quantitative measurement of different aspects of radioactivity, there are a substantial number of units of radioactivity. The number is relatively high because the aspects include the energy of a radiation source, as well as the effect of ionizing radiation in air, absorbed in arbitrary materials, and specific effects on biological systems. Doubling the number of units is the reality that they are defined both for the International System of Units (SI) and in "traditional" or "customary" units.
Activity of a source of radiation
As opposed to most of the other units, the SI unit Becquerel (Si) and the common unit Curie (Ci) deal with the activity of the source, not the effects on radioactivity reaching its destination. Linked with area or volume measurements, these units are useful in giving a quantitative measurement of contamination of areas of the ground or volumes of water. When the source contains multiple isotopes, as with a reactor accident, it is most useful to state activity of each isotope.
Basic units
1 Bq = 1 event of radiation emission per second. Since this is a very small unit, common measurements are:
- 1 kBq = 103 Bq
- 1 MBq = 106 Bq
- 1 GBq = 109 Bq
The older unit, the Curie (Ci), is equal to 37 GBq. The Curie is a large unit, so common representations are
- 1 mCi = 10-3Ci
- 1 uCi = 10-6Ci
- 1 nCi = 10-9Ci
- 1 pCi = 10-12Ci
Linking the two sets of units,
Measuring contamination
Contamination of surfaces, such as the ground near a radiation release, is stated in Bq or Ci units per square metre. Contamination of water is expressed in Bg or Ci per liter.
Refining activity
Neither the Bq nor the Ci measure the energy of release from the source, only its rate. The energy is specified in electronvolts.
Ionization of air
Absorption in materials
Biologic effects
Qualifiers
Decay reactions
References
| Property measured | SI unit | Other unit | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rate of emission from a source |
|
|
|
| Air ionization by radiation |
rays per hour (Gy/h) |
|
|
| Absorbed dose |
|
|
|
| Biological equivalent dose |
|
|