Adams-Onís Treaty

The Adams-Onís Treaty also called the Transcontinental Treaty or the Florida Treaty was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1818 that gave Florida to the U.S. and established the boundary between the U.S. and Mexico.

US Spanish Relations to 1818

Spain had long rejected repeated American efforts to purchase Florida. Finally exhausted by European wars of Napoleon and colonial revolutions, and unwilling to invest in Florida, Spain cut its losses and gained a secure boundary for Mexico. Spain had almost no presence in Florida and was unable to stop Seminole Indians who routinely raided the U.S. In 1818, Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish Florida in order to stop these Indian raids and instigated an international incident between the US and Spain. Spain requested British intervention, but Britain declined to assist Spain in the negotiations.

Negotiations

Adams more than anyone else was responsible for the treaty. He was the architect of a sophisticated strategy which combined diplomatic and military means to bring Spain to terms. Adams also directed an intensive public relations campaign which maintained public and Congressional support for the administration's policy.

The treaty was signed at Washington, February 22, 1819, by John Quincy Adams, secretary of state, and Luis de Onís, Spanish minister. It closed the first era of United States expansion by providing for the cession of East Florida, the abandonment of the controversy over West Florida (which had been seized by the United States), and creation of a boundary with the Spanish province of Mexico that clearly made Texas a part of Mexico, thus ending the vagueness of the boundary of the Louisiana Purchase. Spain also gave up any claims to the Oregon Territory. The US then controlled all territory on the North American continent south of the Great Lakes and East of the Mississippi River.

The U.S. did not pay Spain for Florida but did agree to assumed responsibility for claims of American citizens against Spain as a result of the West Florida controversy, to a maximum of $5 million. Pinckney's Treaty of 1795 between the U.S. and Spain was to remain in force. Spanish goods received certain tariff privileges in Florida ports.

The new boundary between the US and Spanish Mexico ran along the Sabine River from the Gulf of Mexico north to the 32nd parallel; thence north to the Red River, along it to the 100th meridian; north to the Arkansas River and along it to its source; thence to the 42nd parallel; and west on that line to the Pacific Ocean.

The ministers of King Ferdinand VII (reigned (1808-33) at first refused to ratify the treaty. The Spanish argued that James Long's 1819 filibustering expedition into Texas was a violation of the treaty. In order to placate Madrid, Washington disavowed Long's actions. Spain's real goal was to stop American recognition of the independence of breakaway colonies in Latin America. When Ferdinand lost some powers and became a constitutional monarch in 1820, his council was obliged to approve the treaty. Ratification became official in 1821.

Implementation

In order to implement the treaty, Congress established a commission (1821-1824) to handle Americans' claims against Spain. Many notable lawyers, including Daniel Webster and William Wirt, represented claimants before the commission. During its time, the commission examined 1,859 claims arising from over 720 spoliation incidents, and distributed the $5 million in a fair manner.

The treaty reduced tensions with Spain (and after 1821, Mexico) and allowed budget cutters in Congress to reduce the army budget and reject the plans to modernize and expand the army proposed by Secretary of War John C. Calhoun.

The treaty was honored by both sides until it was replaced by the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848, after the U.S. defeated Mexico. Inaccurate maps from the treaty meant that the boundary between Texas and Oklahoma remained unclear for most of the 19th century.