User:Howard C. Berkowitz: Difference between revisions

From Citizendium
Jump to navigation Jump to search
imported>Howard C. Berkowitz
No edit summary
imported>Howard C. Berkowitz
No edit summary
Line 58: Line 58:
</nowiki>
</nowiki>


==Work in sandboxes==
===General engineering===
{{r|Form factor}}
 
{{r|Modulation}}
{{r|Amplitude modulation}}
{{r|Frequency modulation}}
 
{{r|EU-NATO-US frequency bands}}
{{r|IEEE frequency bands}}
{{r|ITU frequency bands}}
 
{{r|Radio}}
{{r|Software-defined radio}}
{{r|Superheterodyne}}
 
{{r|Radar}}
{{r|Bistatic}}
{{r|Multistatic}}
==Network engineering==
 
My experience with communications standards goes back to the mid-seventies, variously with ISO/CCITT and ANSI to start, especially in network performance. I worked for GTE for a time, and had a good deal of exposure to the internals of telephone networks. As a member of the Federal Telecommunications Standards Committee (1976-1980), I got in at the beginning of what was to become OSI, and also got interested in survivable communications systems, including the (US) National Communications Systems and military networks intended to operate under the most extreme conditions. Those extremes tended to be that the network really needed to operate for 20 minutes or so, but you never knew when the 20 minutes would start, and would just have to cope with network elements randomly turning into mushroom clouds.  This tied in with a lifelong interest in politicomilitary history.
 
The FTSC and National Communications System contributed, in the late seventies, to the ANSI Distributed Systems (DISY) architecture, which was a significant input into the OSI architecture. ISO 7498, the basic OSI Reference Model (OSIRM), was published in 1984. Even ignoring the eventual dominance of Internet protocols, there is a great deal of misunderstanding about OSI, because educators generally ignored supplemental ISO documents that clarified ISO 7498.
 
From 1986 to 1991, I was the first technical staff member at the Corporation for Open Systems, a not-for-profit industry research center for promoting and testing OSI and ISDN protocols. In addition to secretariat work with the various committees, I managed teams working on FTAM and X.25 test systems, and contributed to IEEE 802 test systems. One memorable experience was lecturing about X.25 testing in Japan, and had the horrible realization that my PowerPoint slides, translated into Japanese, had gotten into a different order than my English-language notes.
 
For around six years of my life, I explained how OSI was the answer, but eventually realized I didn't know the question.
 
===Network engineering: Citizendium contributions and proposed schemas===
====Created article====
(redlinks may be placeholders for WP content, or for something I will originate here)
{{r|Computer networking reference models}}
{{r|Locality of networks}}
{{r|Value of networks}}
 
{{r|Anycast}}
{{r|Unicasting}}
{{r|Multihoming}}
 
{{r|Autonomous system}}
{{r|Border Gateway Protocol}}
 
{{r|Computer networking application protocols}}
{{r|Post Office Protocol version 3}} (POP3)
{{r|Simple Mail Transfer Protocol}} (SMTP)
{{r|Voice over Internet Protocol}}


*[[User:Howard C. Berkowitz/Sandbox2]]: Oversight and investigations material temporarily removed from [[Central Intelligence Agency]]
{{r|Computer networking end-to-end protocols}}
*[[User:Howard C. Berkowitz/DiseasePage]]: Complementing PathogenPage, this is a sample of an article outline for the pathogen that causes a disease.
{{r|Transmission Control Protocol}}
*[[User:Howard C. Berkowitz/PathogenPage]]: Complementing DiseasePage, this is a sample of an article outline for the disease caused by a particular pathogen. There will need to be variations for bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc.
{{r|User Datagram Protocol}}
 
{{r|Computer networking internetwork protocols}}
 
{{r|Computer networking session protocols}}
{{r|Computer networking media attachment protocols}}
{{r|Computer networking media sharing protocols}}
 
{{r|Form factor}}
 
{{r|Domain Name System}}
{{r|Domain Name System security}}
 
{{r|Internet Protocol}}
{{r|Address registry}}
{{r|Internet Protocol version 4}}
{{r|Internet Protocol version 6}}
{{r|Internet Protocol version 6 addressing}}
{{r|Internet Protocol version 6 deployment}}
 
{{r|Routing protocols}}
{{r|Open Shortest Path First}}
{{r|Intermediate System-Intermediate System}}
 
{{r|Router}}
{{r|Routing}}
{{r|Routing information base}}
{{r|Control plane}}
{{r|Forwarding information base}}+
{{r|Forwarding plane}}+
 
====Contributed to article====
*[[Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model‎]]
*[[Protocol (computer)]]
 
===The moving hand writes on the wall: "it's about IP, stupid"===
 
By the early nineties, it was obvious that Internet protocols were indeed the answer, and I started to play in the [[Internet Engineering Task Force]] (IETF), [[North American Network Operators Group]]  (NANOG)and the [[Internet Research Task Force]] (IRTF).
 
In the IETF, my main work has been in the Routing (especially BGP/IDR and OSPF) and Operations & Management Areas (especially BMWG & OPSEC), and, more as a lurker, Security and Real-time Applications & Infrastructure Area. I am an author or coauthor of RFC 1912, RFC 2071<ref> {{Citation
  | first1 = P
  | last1 = Ferguson
  | first2 = H
  | last2 = Berkowitz
  | title = Network Renumbering Overview: Why would I want it and what is it anyway?
  | year = 1997
  | publisher = IETF
  | url = http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2071.txt
  | id = RFC2071}}</ref>,
RFC 2072<ref> {{Citation
  | first1 = H
  | last1 = Berkowitz
  | title = Router Renumbering Guide
  | year = 1997
  | publisher = IETF
  | url = http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2072.txt
  | id = FDR }}</ref>,
RFC 4098<ref> {{Citation
  | first1 = H
  | last1 = Berkowitz
  | first2 = E
  | last2 = Davies
  | first3 = S
  | last3 = Hares
  | first4 = P
  | last4 = Krishnaswamy
  | first5 = M
  | last5 = Lepp
  | title = Terminology for Benchmarking BGP Device Convergence in the Control Plane
  | year = 2005
  | publisher = IETF
  | url = http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4098.txt
  | id = RFC4098 }}
</ref>, and was a reviewer or contributor with many others. I've done quite a few tutorials and presentations available at www.nanog.org, and was a participant in "Team B" of the IRTF Future Domain Requirements effort<ref name=FDR> {{Citation
  | editor = Davies E. & Doria A.
  | title = Analysis of IDR requirements and History
  | year = 2007
  | publisher = IETF
  | url = http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-irtf-routing-history-05
}}
</ref>, which essentially looked at the question "what comes after BGP?"  Some of my most satisfying work came when I was first the product line manager for routing protocols in the carrier router group, and then in corporate research at Nortel, both working with standards and operational forums, and designing a next-generation router.
 
===Why network architectures and standards?===
The early days of [[Computer network|computer networks]] were dominated by a few large companies such as [[IBM]] and [[DEC]]. In order promote interoperability and avoid a situation where a small number of vendors predominated, each with their own proprietary technology, it was necessary to introduce a set of [[open standards]] defining network protocols.
 
Another issue addressed by this model is maintaining the level of flexibility needed to adapt when new innovations are introduced. The earliest [[wide area networks]] (or WANs) ran over telephone lines and were used to link a small number of facilities.
 
Today, we rarely think about why Internet access has become so ubiquitous. Still, this is quite a technical achievement: a user may be connected to an [[Ethernet]] network, [[Fiber Distributed Data Interface]] (FDDI) or a wireless network in a coffee house. They may also use such diverse methods as DSL, cable, or dialup lines to "get online."
=== The Truth about Network Reference Models ===
 
There is a continuing and frustrating tendency, in Wikipedia articles on network architecture, to treat the OSI model as if it is still used other than as a teaching aid, and to try to “coerce” (using the lovely word choice of my colleague, Priscilla Oppenheimer) Internet Protocol Suite protocols into OSI layers. Layering, as an abstraction, is useful up to a point. It can be overused. An updated IETF architectural document, RFC3439, <ref> {{Citation
  | first1 = R.
  | last1 = Bush
  | first 2 = D.
  | last2 = Meyer
  | title = Some Internet Architectural Guidelines and Philosophy
  | year = 2002
  | publisher = IETF
  | url = ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc3439.txt
  | id = RFC3439 }}
</ref> even contains a section entitled: "Layering Considered Harmful": ''Emphasizing layering as the key driver of architecture is not a feature of the TCP/IP model, but rather of OSI. Much confusion comes from attempts to force OSI-like layering onto an architecture that minimizes their use.''
 
I have insufficient hair to tear it out whenever I try to explain that the Internet protocol suite was not intended to match OSI, was developed before OSI, the full set of OSI specifications (i.e., not just document ISO 7498) subdivide layers so that it is no longer seven, and that OSI has, in the real world, been relegated to a teaching tool. The Internet Protocol Suite has four layers, defined in RFC1122<ref> {{Citation
  | first = R
  | last = Braden
  | title = Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Communication Layers
  | year = 1989
  | publisher = IETF
  | url = http://www.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1122.txt
  | id = RFC1122 }}
</ref>and no IETF document, as opposed to some nonauthoritative textbooks, say it has five.
 
No [[IETF]] standards-track document has accepted a five-layer model, and IETF documents indeed deprecate strict layering of all sorts. Given the lack of acceptance of the five-layer model by the body with technical responsibility for the protocol suite, it is not unreasonable to regard five-layer presentations as teaching aids, possibly to make the IP suite architecture more familiar to those students who were first exposed to layering using the [[OSI model]]. Comparisons between the IP and OSI suites can give some insight into the abstraction of layering, but trying to coerce Internet protocols, not designed with OSI in mind, can only lead to confusion.
 
Again, RFC1122 defines 4 layers. If anyone can find another IETF document that states the OSI model is followed, please cite it. Further, RFC 1122 was published in 1989, while the OSI Reference Model, ISO 7498, was published in 1984.  If the RFC 1122 authors had wanted to be OSI compliant, they had the OSI definitions available to them. They didn't use them. Does that suggest they were not concerned with OSI compliance?
 
For Internet Protocol Suite architecture, textbooks are not authoritative; the IETF's work, particularly the Standards Track, is definitive for the Internet Protocol Suite. I've written networking textbooks, and, while I might clarify an IETF document, I certainly don't contend that textbooks are more definitive than the actual technical specifications created by expert, not beginning student or teacher, consensus.
 
Unfortunately not available free online AFAIK, there are ISO documents such as "Internal Organization of the Network Layer" <ref> {{Citation
  | title = Internal Organization of the Network Layer
  | year = 1988
  | publisher = ISO
  | url = http://engineers.ihs.com/document/abstract/WRCFCAAAAAAAAAAA
  | id = ISO 8648 }}
</ref>, which splits the network layer nicely into three levels, logical (lower-layer agnostic), subnetwork (i.e., link technology) specific, and a mapping sublayer between them.  ARP, with which many people struggle, drops perfectly into the mapping (technically subnetwork dependence convergence) between them. Another ISO document, "OSI Routeing [sic] Framework" <ref>
{{Citation | title = OSI Routeing Framework
  | year = 1995
  | publisher = ISO
  | url = http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=25981
  | id = ISO/TR 9575 }}
</ref>, makes it clear that routing protocols, no matter what protocol carries their payloads, are layer management protocols for the network layer. Annex 4 to ISO 7498 gives the OSI Management Framework <ref>{{Citation
  | title = Open Systems Interconnection -- Basic Reference Model -- Part 4: Management framework
  | publisher = ISO
  | url = http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=14258&ICS1=35&ICS2=100&ICS3=70
  | id = ISO7498/4 }}
</ref>, with both system management and layer management components.
 
When the IETF was dealing with MPLS and some other things that "don't quite fit", and some people insisted on calling it "layer 2.5", the reality is that the IETF set up a "Sub-IP Area" and did the original work there. MPLS is now back under the Routing Area. There was also a Performance Implications of Link Characteristics (PILC) working group that has ended its effort, but also deals with  sub-IP (archives at http://www.isi.edu/pilc/).
 
===Why is Wikipedia having problems in network topics?===
There is a great deal of valuable information on networking at Wikipedia. There is also a great deal of misinformation, partially due to networking experts leaving in frustration with the process of having authoritative definitions constantly changed by editors who found their high school or college textbook conflicted with primary sources or direct experience in developing networks and primary sources.
 
I'm one of those people. while I'll certainly stay involved in my profession, I've found the frustration of working with Wikipedia on serious network architecture is simply no fun at all. One of the most important real-world issues is that in terms of real-world products and networks, the "7-layer" [[Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model‎]] from the [[International Organization for Standardization]] is dead, and the less formal architectural models primarily associated with the [[Internet Engineering Task Force]] (IETF) and the [[Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers]] (IEEE) actually define what is done. Unfortunately, most introductory courses and books on networking keep the OSI model as a key part of their presentations, much as, I suppose, Dr. Frankenstein kept his undead monster alive.
 
If people want to keep insisting that IETF protocols must fit into the OSI reference model, if protocol payloads must be of layer N+1 if their payload is management (e.g., routing) for layer N, that there are five layers in the Internet reference model, may they enjoy themselves. It's not even that I've tried to impose an IP-centric view, although I have linked RFCs specifically saying that strict layering is considered harmful and RFC 1122 chose to ignore ISO 7498; I've even cited more detailed ISO documents -- but people want to keep insisting their incorrect textbooks are more authoritative, or "explain" to me about protocol encapsulation and layering.  


In the real world, I've written four books on network engineering, ''Designing Addressing Architectures for Routing and Switching''<ref>{{cite book
  | last = Berkowitz
  | first = Howard C.
  | title = Designing Addressing Architectures for Routing and Switching
  | publisher = Macmillan Technical Publishing
  | date = 1998
  | location = Indianapolis
  | isbn = 1578700590}}</ref>, ''Designing Routing and Switching Architectures for Enterprise Networks''<ref>{{cite book
  | last = Berkowitz
  | first = Howard C.
  | title = Designing Routing and Switching Architectures for Enterprise Networks
  | publisher = Macmillan Technical Publishing
  | date = 1999
  | location = Indianapolis 
  | isbn = 1578700604}}</ref>, ''WAN Survival Guide''<ref>{{cite book
  | last = Berkowitz
  | first = Howard C.
  | title = WAN Survival Guide: Strategies for VPNs and Multiservice Networks
  | publisher = John Wiley & Sons
  | date = 2000
  | location = New York
  | isbn = 0471384283}}</ref>, and ''Building Service Provider Networks''<ref>{{cite book
  | last = Berkowitz
  | first = Howard C.
  | title = Building Service Provider Networks
  | publisher = John Wiley & Sons
  | date = 2002
  | location = New York
  | isbn = 0471099228}}</ref>.  My general sense is that vendor-independent traditional engineering books have a limited market, and I've been concentrating more on online publications. In the past, I've been involved in preparation for Cisco certifications, and still participate in mailing lists.
==Military and intelligence: Citizendium contributions and proposed schemas==
==Military and intelligence: Citizendium contributions and proposed schemas==
I'll try to categorize these by the most relevant workgroup, although certain areas, especially intelligence, don't neatly match to a workgroup. +denotes articles where I was the primary author or ongoing editor at Wikipedia. Further below, I discuss my background and interests in the major fields.
I'll try to categorize these by the most relevant workgroup, although certain areas, especially intelligence, don't neatly match to a workgroup. +denotes articles where I was the primary author or ongoing editor at Wikipedia. Further below, I discuss my background and interests in the major fields.
Line 119: Line 337:
*[[Clandestine human-source intelligence and covert action]]+ (also has material pertinent to the formation of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]])
*[[Clandestine human-source intelligence and covert action]]+ (also has material pertinent to the formation of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]])
*[[Richard Sorge]]
*[[Richard Sorge]]
*[[Terrestrial nonimaging infrared MASINT]]
*[[User:Howard C. Berkowitz/Sandbox2]]: Oversight and investigations material temporarily removed from [[Central Intelligence Agency]]


====US intelligence community specific====
====US intelligence community specific====
Line 141: Line 359:
{{r|Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons}}
{{r|Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons}}
{{r|Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies}}
{{r|Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies}}
===General engineering===
{{r|Form factor}}
{{r|Modulation}}
{{r|Amplitude modulation}}
{{r|Frequency modulation}}
{{r|EU-NATO-US frequency bands}}
{{r|IEEE frequency bands}}
{{r|ITU frequency bands}}
{{r|Radio}}
{{r|Software-defined radio}}
{{r|Superheterodyne}}
{{r|Radar}}
{{r|Bistatic}}
{{r|Multistatic}}


===Politics===
===Politics===
Line 176: Line 376:


The list below, of articles I've started or edited, is not up to date. There a number of short articles on individual military electronics systems, which make sense as a group. [[AN-]], to a certain extent, brings them together.  
The list below, of articles I've started or edited, is not up to date. There a number of short articles on individual military electronics systems, which make sense as a group. [[AN-]], to a certain extent, brings them together.  
{{r|Integrated air defense system}}
{{r|Interceptor}}
{{r|Intercontinental ballistic missile}}
{{r|Integrated air defense system}}
{{r|Interceptor}}
{{r|Intercontinental ballistic missile}}
{{r|Joint Chiefs of Staff‎}}
{{r|Mortar}}
{{r|MIM-104 Patriot}}
{{r|MQ-1 Predator}}
{{r|Multiple rocket launcher}}
{{r|National technical means of verification}}
{{r|Naval infantry}}
{{r|Night vision devices}}
{{r|Robert M. Gates}}
{{r|Nuclear weapon}}
{{r|Restructuring of the United States Army}}
{{r|Satellite orbits}}
{{r|Semi-active radar homing}}
{{r|Submarine-launched ballistic missile}}
{{r|Suppression of enemy air defense}}
{{r|Swarming (military)}}+
{{r|TACAN}}
{{r|TPY-2}}
{{r|Total Force Concept}}
{{r|ULTRA}}
{{r|United States Army Special Forces}}
{{r|Yemen}}
====Doctrine====
====Doctrine====
{{r|Military doctrine}}
{{r|Military doctrine}}
Line 185: Line 417:
{{r|John Warden III}}
{{r|John Warden III}}
{{r|Corps}}
{{r|Corps}}
{{r|Joint Chiefs of Staff‎}}
{{r|Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff‎}}
{{r|Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff‎}}
{{r|National Command Authority}}
{{r|National Security Act of 1947}}
{{r|National Security Council}}
{{r|Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs}}
{{r|United States Central Command}}
{{r|United States European Command}}
{{r|United States Joint Forces Command}}
{{r|United States Special Operations Command}}
{{r|United States Secretary of Defense}}
{{r|United States Secretary of State}}
{{r|United States Strategic Command}}
{{r|United States Transportation Command}}
{{r|George Kistiakowsky}}
====Command and Control====
====Command and Control====
{{r|AEGIS battle management system}}
{{r|AEGIS battle management system}}
Line 214: Line 460:
{{r|Heavy Equipment Transporter System}}
{{r|Heavy Equipment Transporter System}}
{{r|Indirect fire}}
{{r|Indirect fire}}
{{r|Double envelopment}}
{{r|Echelons above Corps}}
{{r|Edged weapon}}
{{r|M1 Abrams (tank)}}
{{r|M2 Bradley (armored fighting vehicle)}}
{{r|M113 (armored personnel carrier}}
{{r|M109 howitzer}}
{{r|Mine (land warfare)}}
{{r|Combat engineer}}
====Air warfare doctrine====
====Air warfare doctrine====
{{r|Battlefield air interdiction}}
{{r|Battlefield air interdiction}}
{{r|Close air support}}
{{r|Close air support}}
====Military electronics===
====Information operations & Military electronics===
{{r|AN-}}
{{r|AN-}}
{{r|Radar}}
{{r|Radar}}
Line 230: Line 485:
{{r|APG-81}}
{{r|APG-81}}
{{r|APY-2}
{{r|APY-2}
{{r|Information operations}}
{{r|Joint Tactical Information Distribution System}}
{{r|Joint Tactical Radio System}}


{{r|Electronic warfare}}
{{r|Electronic warfare}}
Line 241: Line 500:
{{r|ALQ-165}}
{{r|ALQ-165}}
{{r|ALQ-214}}
{{r|ALQ-214}}
}
{{r|AAR-57}}
{{r|AAR-57}}
{{r|ALR-93}}
{{r|ALR-93}}
Line 247: Line 505:
{{r|AVR-2}}
{{r|AVR-2}}


====Ordnance and Missiles====
{{r|Precision guided munition}}
{{r|Joint Direct Action Munition}}
{{r|AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon}}
{{r|Guided bomb}}
{{r|Gravity bomb}}
{{r|Warhead}}
{{r|Cluster munition}}
{{r|Antitank cluster submunition}}
{{r|Antipersonnel cluster submunition}}
{{r|Guided missile}}
{{r|Anti-cruise missile missile}}


====Missiles====
{{r|AIM-7 Sparrow}}
{{r|AIM-7 Sparrow}}
{{r|AIM-9 Sidewinder}}
{{r|AIM-9 Sidewinder}}
{{r|AIM-120 AMRAAM}}
{{r|AIM-120 AMRAAM}}
{{r|AGM-84 Harpoon}}
{{r|AGM-86 ALCM}}
{{r|AGM-88 HARM}}
{{r|BaE ALARM}}
{{r|RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile}}
{{r|RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile}}
{{r|RIM-156 Standard SM-2}}
{{r|RIM-156 Standard SM-2}}
Line 260: Line 534:
{{r|SA-3 GOA}}
{{r|SA-3 GOA}}
{{r|S-200 (missile)}}
{{r|S-200 (missile)}}
 
{{r|Network Centric Airborne Defense Element (missile)}}
{{r|Anti-cruise missile missile}}
{{r|Fritz-X}}
 
{{r|Novator R-172 (missile)}}
{{r|Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs}}
{{r|V-1000 (missile)}}
{{r|Vertical launch system}}
{{r|Vympel R-27 (missile)}}
{{r|Vympel R-33 (missile)}}
{{r|Vympel R-73 (missile)}}
{{r|Atlas (missile)}}
{{r|Atlas (missile)}}
{{r|Ballistic missile defense}}
{{r|Ballistic missile defense}}
 
{{r|Surface-to-air missile}}
 
{{r|THAAD}}
====Second World War====
====Second World War====
{{r|Battle of the Beams}}
{{r|Battle of the Beams}}
{{r|Battle of Britain}}
{{r|Battle of Britain}}
====Classical warfare====
{{r|Battle of Cannae}}
{{r|Battle of the Teutoburg Forest}}


====Aircraft====
====Aircraft====
{{r|LC-130}}
{{r|EC-130 COMMANDO SOLO}}
{{r|EC-130 COMMANDO SOLO}}
{{r|MC-130 COMBAT SPEAR}}
{{r|MC-130 COMBAT SPEAR}}
Line 300: Line 576:
{{r|F-35C Lightning II}}
{{r|F-35C Lightning II}}
{{r|F-105}}
{{r|F-105}}
 
{{r|MiG-15 (fighter)}}
{{r|MiG-17 (fighter)}}
{{r|MiG-19 (fighter)}}
{{r|MiG-21 (fighter)}}
{{r|MiG-23 (fighter)}}
{{r|MiG-25 (fighter)}}
{{r|MiG-29 (fighter)}}
{{r|Clandestine operation}}
{{r|Clandestine operation}}


====Combat support====
====Combat support====
{{r|Combat support}}
{{r|Military police}}
====Combat service support====
====Combat service support====
{{r|Combat service support}}
{{r|Combat service support}}
 
{{r|Logistics (military)‎}}
====Naval warfare====
====Naval warfare====
{{r|Battleship}}
{{r|Battleship}}
Line 321: Line 606:
{{r|Battle of Bong Son}}
{{r|Battle of Bong Son}}
{{r|Battle of the Ia Drang}}
{{r|Battle of the Ia Drang}}
{{r|Double envelopment}}
{{r|Echelons above Corps}}
{{r|Edged weapon}}
{{r|Electronic warfare}}
{{r|Fritz-X}}
{{r|Robert M. Gates}}
{{r|Vo Nguyen Giap}}
{{r|Vo Nguyen Giap}}
 
{{r|Lac Luong Dac Biet}}
{{r|Harold Johnson}}
{{r|Victor Krulak}}
{{r|Robert McNamara}}
{{r|MACV-SOG}}
{{r|SACSA}}
{{r|Military Assistance Command, Vietnam}} ([[MACV]]}})
{{r|Operation Bolo}}+
{{r|Operation LINEBACKER II}}
{{r|Operation ROLLING THUNDER}}
{{r|William Westmoreland}}
====Gulf War====
====Gulf War====
{{r|Gulf War}}
{{r|Gulf War}}
Line 341: Line 626:
*{{r|Gulf War, Iraqi order of battle}}
*{{r|Gulf War, Iraqi order of battle}}
*{{r|Gulf War, Coalition order of battle}}
*{{r|Gulf War, Coalition order of battle}}
{{r|Guided missile}}
{{r|H Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.}}
{{r|Chuck Horner}}
{{r|Chuck Horner}}


{{r|Information operations}}
====Iraq War====
{{r|Integrated air defense system}}
{{r|David Petraeus=====
{{r|Interceptor}}
{{r|David Kilcullen}
{{r|Intercontinental ballistic missile}}
{{r|Anthony Zinni}}
{{r|Joint Chiefs of Staff‎}}
=====Amphibious warfare====
{{r|Joint Tactical Information Distribution System}}
{{r|Large Amphibious Landing Ship}}
{{r|Joint Tactical Radio System}}
{{r|Harold Johnson}}
{{r|David Kilcullen}}
{{r|George Kistiakowsky}}
{{r|Charles Krulak}}
{{r|Charles Krulak}}
{{r|Victor Krulak}}
{{r|Lac Luong Dac Biet}}
{{r|Large Amphibious Landing Ship}}
{{r|LC-130}}
{{r|Logistics (military)‎}}
{{r|Robert McNamara}}
{{r|M1 Abrams (tank)}}
{{r|M2 Bradley (armored fighting vehicle)}}
{{r|M113 (armored personnel carrier}}
{{r|M109 howitzer}}
{{r|MACV-SOG}}
{{r|Marine Air-Ground Task Force}}
{{r|Marine Air-Ground Task Force}}
{{r|MiG-15 (fighter)}}
{{r|MiG-17 (fighter)}}
{{r|MiG-19 (fighter)}}
{{r|MiG-21 (fighter)}}
{{r|MiG-23 (fighter)}}
{{r|MiG-25 (fighter)}}
{{r|MiG-29 (fighter)}}
{{r|Military doctrine}}
{{r|Military Assistance Command, Vietnam}} ([[MACV}})
{{r|Military police}}
{{r|Mine (land warfare)}}
{{r|Ottawa treaty}}
{{r|Modulation}}
{{r|Mortar}}
{{r|MIM-104 Patriot}}
{{r|MQ-1 Predator}}
{{r|Multiple rocket launcher}}
{{r|Multistatic}}
{{r|National Command Authority}}
{{r|National Security Act of 1947}}
{{r|National Security Council}}
{{r|National technical means of verification}}
{{r|Naval infantry}}
{{r|Network Centric Airborne Defense Element (missile)}}
{{r|Night vision devices}}
{{r|Novator R-172 (missile)}}
{{r|Nuclear weapon}}
{{r|Ocean escort}}
{{r|Operation Bolo}}+
{{r|Operation LINEBACKER II}}
{{r|Operation ROLLING THUNDER}}
{{r|Operational art}}
{{r|David Petraeus}}
{{r|Precision-guided munition}}
{{r|Radar}}
{{r|Restructuring of the United States Army}}
{{r|SACSA}}
{{r|Satellite orbits}}
{{r|H Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.}}
{{r|Semi-active radar homing}}
{{r|Submarine-launched ballistic missile}}
{{r|Suppression of enemy air defense}}
{{r|Surface-to-air missile}}
{{r|Swarming (military)}}+
{{r|TACAN}}
{{r|THAAD}}
{{r|Total Force Concept}}
{{r|TPY-2}}
{{r|ULTRA}}
{{r|United States Army Special Forces}}
{{r|United States Central Command}}
{{r|United States European Command}}
{{r|United States Joint Forces Command}}
{{r|United States Special Operations Command}}
{{r|United States Secretary of Defense}}
{{r|United States Secretary of State}}
{{r|United States Strategic Command}}
{{r|United States Transportation Command}}
{{r|V-1000 (missile)}}
{{r|Vertical launch system}}
{{r|Vympel R-27 (missile)}}
{{r|Vympel R-33 (missile)}}
{{r|Vympel R-73 (missile)}}
{{r|William Westmoreland}}
{{r|Yemen}}
{{r|Anthony Zinni}}
{{r|Army}}
{{r|Korean War}}
{{r|United States Air Force}}
{{r|United States Department of Defense}}
{{r|Vietnam War}} (major edits)
{{r|Winston Churchill}}


===Special operations===
===Special operations===
Line 452: Line 648:
*[[Special reconnaissance]] (also has global information)
*[[Special reconnaissance]] (also has global information)


==Network engineering==
My experience with communications standards goes back to the mid-seventies, variously with ISO/CCITT and ANSI to start, especially in network performance. I worked for GTE for a time, and had a good deal of exposure to the internals of telephone networks. As a member of the Federal Telecommunications Standards Committee (1976-1980), I got in at the beginning of what was to become OSI, and also got interested in survivable communications systems, including the (US) National Communications Systems and military networks intended to operate under the most extreme conditions. Those extremes tended to be that the network really needed to operate for 20 minutes or so, but you never knew when the 20 minutes would start, and would just have to cope with network elements randomly turning into mushroom clouds.  This tied in with a lifelong interest in politicomilitary history.
The FTSC and National Communications System contributed, in the late seventies, to the ANSI Distributed Systems (DISY) architecture, which was a significant input into the OSI architecture. ISO 7498, the basic OSI Reference Model (OSIRM), was published in 1984. Even ignoring the eventual dominance of Internet protocols, there is a great deal of misunderstanding about OSI, because educators generally ignored supplemental ISO documents that clarified ISO 7498.
From 1986 to 1991, I was the first technical staff member at the Corporation for Open Systems, a not-for-profit industry research center for promoting and testing OSI and ISDN protocols. In addition to secretariat work with the various committees, I managed teams working on FTAM and X.25 test systems, and contributed to IEEE 802 test systems. One memorable experience was lecturing about X.25 testing in Japan, and had the horrible realization that my PowerPoint slides, translated into Japanese, had gotten into a different order than my English-language notes.
For around six years of my life, I explained how OSI was the answer, but eventually realized I didn't know the question.
===Network engineering: Citizendium contributions and proposed schemas===
====Created article====
(redlinks may be placeholders for WP content, or for something I will originate here)
{{r|Computer networking reference models}}
{{r|Locality of networks}}
{{r|Value of networks}}
{{r|Anycast}}
{{r|Unicasting}}
{{r|Multihoming}}
{{r|Autonomous system}}
{{r|Border Gateway Protocol}}
{{r|Computer networking application protocols}}
{{r|Post Office Protocol version 3}} (POP3)
{{r|Simple Mail Transfer Protocol}} (SMTP)
{{r|Voice over Internet Protocol}}
{{r|Computer networking end-to-end protocols}}
{{r|Transmission Control Protocol}}
{{r|User Datagram Protocol}}
{{r|Computer networking internetwork protocols}}
{{r|Computer networking session protocols}}
{{r|Computer networking media attachment protocols}}
{{r|Computer networking media sharing protocols}}
{{r|Form factor}}
{{r|Domain Name System}}
{{r|Domain Name System security}}
{{r|Internet Protocol}}
{{r|Address registry}}
{{r|Internet Protocol version 4}}
{{r|Internet Protocol version 6}}
{{r|Internet Protocol version 6 addressing}}
{{r|Internet Protocol version 6 deployment}}
{{r|Routing protocols}}
{{r|Open Shortest Path First}}
{{r|Intermediate System-Intermediate System}}
{{r|Router}}
{{r|Routing}}
{{r|Routing information base}}
{{r|Control plane}}
{{r|Forwarding information base}}+
{{r|Forwarding plane}}+
====Contributed to article====
*[[Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model‎]]
*[[Protocol (computer)]]
===The moving hand writes on the wall: "it's about IP, stupid"===
By the early nineties, it was obvious that Internet protocols were indeed the answer, and I started to play in the [[Internet Engineering Task Force]] (IETF), [[North American Network Operators Group]]  (NANOG)and the [[Internet Research Task Force]] (IRTF).
In the IETF, my main work has been in the Routing (especially BGP/IDR and OSPF) and Operations & Management Areas (especially BMWG & OPSEC), and, more as a lurker, Security and Real-time Applications & Infrastructure Area. I am an author or coauthor of RFC 1912, RFC 2071<ref> {{Citation
  | first1 = P
  | last1 = Ferguson
  | first2 = H
  | last2 = Berkowitz
  | title = Network Renumbering Overview: Why would I want it and what is it anyway?
  | year = 1997
  | publisher = IETF
  | url = http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2071.txt
  | id = RFC2071}}</ref>,
RFC 2072<ref> {{Citation
  | first1 = H
  | last1 = Berkowitz
  | title = Router Renumbering Guide
  | year = 1997
  | publisher = IETF
  | url = http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2072.txt
  | id = FDR }}</ref>,
RFC 4098<ref> {{Citation
  | first1 = H
  | last1 = Berkowitz
  | first2 = E
  | last2 = Davies
  | first3 = S
  | last3 = Hares
  | first4 = P
  | last4 = Krishnaswamy
  | first5 = M
  | last5 = Lepp
  | title = Terminology for Benchmarking BGP Device Convergence in the Control Plane
  | year = 2005
  | publisher = IETF
  | url = http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4098.txt
  | id = RFC4098 }}
</ref>, and was a reviewer or contributor with many others. I've done quite a few tutorials and presentations available at www.nanog.org, and was a participant in "Team B" of the IRTF Future Domain Requirements effort<ref name=FDR> {{Citation
  | editor = Davies E. & Doria A.
  | title = Analysis of IDR requirements and History
  | year = 2007
  | publisher = IETF
  | url = http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-irtf-routing-history-05
}}
</ref>, which essentially looked at the question "what comes after BGP?"  Some of my most satisfying work came when I was first the product line manager for routing protocols in the carrier router group, and then in corporate research at Nortel, both working with standards and operational forums, and designing a next-generation router.
===Why network architectures and standards?===
The early days of [[Computer network|computer networks]] were dominated by a few large companies such as [[IBM]] and [[DEC]]. In order promote interoperability and avoid a situation where a small number of vendors predominated, each with their own proprietary technology, it was necessary to introduce a set of [[open standards]] defining network protocols.
Another issue addressed by this model is maintaining the level of flexibility needed to adapt when new innovations are introduced. The earliest [[wide area networks]] (or WANs) ran over telephone lines and were used to link a small number of facilities.
Today, we rarely think about why Internet access has become so ubiquitous. Still, this is quite a technical achievement: a user may be connected to an [[Ethernet]] network, [[Fiber Distributed Data Interface]] (FDDI) or a wireless network in a coffee house. They may also use such diverse methods as DSL, cable, or dialup lines to "get online."
=== The Truth about Network Reference Models ===
There is a continuing and frustrating tendency, in Wikipedia articles on network architecture, to treat the OSI model as if it is still used other than as a teaching aid, and to try to “coerce” (using the lovely word choice of my colleague, Priscilla Oppenheimer) Internet Protocol Suite protocols into OSI layers. Layering, as an abstraction, is useful up to a point. It can be overused. An updated IETF architectural document, RFC3439, <ref> {{Citation
  | first1 = R.
  | last1 = Bush
  | first 2 = D.
  | last2 = Meyer
  | title = Some Internet Architectural Guidelines and Philosophy
  | year = 2002
  | publisher = IETF
  | url = ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc3439.txt
  | id = RFC3439 }}
</ref> even contains a section entitled: "Layering Considered Harmful": ''Emphasizing layering as the key driver of architecture is not a feature of the TCP/IP model, but rather of OSI. Much confusion comes from attempts to force OSI-like layering onto an architecture that minimizes their use.''
I have insufficient hair to tear it out whenever I try to explain that the Internet protocol suite was not intended to match OSI, was developed before OSI, the full set of OSI specifications (i.e., not just document ISO 7498) subdivide layers so that it is no longer seven, and that OSI has, in the real world, been relegated to a teaching tool. The Internet Protocol Suite has four layers, defined in RFC1122<ref> {{Citation
  | first = R
  | last = Braden
  | title = Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Communication Layers
  | year = 1989
  | publisher = IETF
  | url = http://www.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1122.txt
  | id = RFC1122 }}
</ref>and no IETF document, as opposed to some nonauthoritative textbooks, say it has five.
No [[IETF]] standards-track document has accepted a five-layer model, and IETF documents indeed deprecate strict layering of all sorts. Given the lack of acceptance of the five-layer model by the body with technical responsibility for the protocol suite, it is not unreasonable to regard five-layer presentations as teaching aids, possibly to make the IP suite architecture more familiar to those students who were first exposed to layering using the [[OSI model]]. Comparisons between the IP and OSI suites can give some insight into the abstraction of layering, but trying to coerce Internet protocols, not designed with OSI in mind, can only lead to confusion.
Again, RFC1122 defines 4 layers. If anyone can find another IETF document that states the OSI model is followed, please cite it. Further, RFC 1122 was published in 1989, while the OSI Reference Model, ISO 7498, was published in 1984.  If the RFC 1122 authors had wanted to be OSI compliant, they had the OSI definitions available to them. They didn't use them. Does that suggest they were not concerned with OSI compliance?
For Internet Protocol Suite architecture, textbooks are not authoritative; the IETF's work, particularly the Standards Track, is definitive for the Internet Protocol Suite. I've written networking textbooks, and, while I might clarify an IETF document, I certainly don't contend that textbooks are more definitive than the actual technical specifications created by expert, not beginning student or teacher, consensus.
Unfortunately not available free online AFAIK, there are ISO documents such as "Internal Organization of the Network Layer" <ref> {{Citation
  | title = Internal Organization of the Network Layer
  | year = 1988
  | publisher = ISO
  | url = http://engineers.ihs.com/document/abstract/WRCFCAAAAAAAAAAA
  | id = ISO 8648 }}
</ref>, which splits the network layer nicely into three levels, logical (lower-layer agnostic), subnetwork (i.e., link technology) specific, and a mapping sublayer between them.  ARP, with which many people struggle, drops perfectly into the mapping (technically subnetwork dependence convergence) between them. Another ISO document, "OSI Routeing [sic] Framework" <ref>
{{Citation | title = OSI Routeing Framework
  | year = 1995
  | publisher = ISO
  | url = http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=25981
  | id = ISO/TR 9575 }}
</ref>, makes it clear that routing protocols, no matter what protocol carries their payloads, are layer management protocols for the network layer. Annex 4 to ISO 7498 gives the OSI Management Framework <ref>{{Citation
  | title = Open Systems Interconnection -- Basic Reference Model -- Part 4: Management framework
  | publisher = ISO
  | url = http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=14258&ICS1=35&ICS2=100&ICS3=70
  | id = ISO7498/4 }}
</ref>, with both system management and layer management components.
When the IETF was dealing with MPLS and some other things that "don't quite fit", and some people insisted on calling it "layer 2.5", the reality is that the IETF set up a "Sub-IP Area" and did the original work there. MPLS is now back under the Routing Area. There was also a Performance Implications of Link Characteristics (PILC) working group that has ended its effort, but also deals with  sub-IP (archives at http://www.isi.edu/pilc/).
===Why is Wikipedia having problems in network topics?===
There is a great deal of valuable information on networking at Wikipedia. There is also a great deal of misinformation, partially due to networking experts leaving in frustration with the process of having authoritative definitions constantly changed by editors who found their high school or college textbook conflicted with primary sources or direct experience in developing networks and primary sources.
I'm one of those people. while I'll certainly stay involved in my profession, I've found the frustration of working with Wikipedia on serious network architecture is simply no fun at all. One of the most important real-world issues is that in terms of real-world products and networks, the "7-layer" [[Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model‎]] from the [[International Organization for Standardization]] is dead, and the less formal architectural models primarily associated with the [[Internet Engineering Task Force]] (IETF) and the [[Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers]] (IEEE) actually define what is done. Unfortunately, most introductory courses and books on networking keep the OSI model as a key part of their presentations, much as, I suppose, Dr. Frankenstein kept his undead monster alive.
If people want to keep insisting that IETF protocols must fit into the OSI reference model, if protocol payloads must be of layer N+1 if their payload is management (e.g., routing) for layer N, that there are five layers in the Internet reference model, may they enjoy themselves. It's not even that I've tried to impose an IP-centric view, although I have linked RFCs specifically saying that strict layering is considered harmful and RFC 1122 chose to ignore ISO 7498; I've even cited more detailed ISO documents -- but people want to keep insisting their incorrect textbooks are more authoritative, or "explain" to me about protocol encapsulation and layering.
In the real world, I've written four books on network engineering, ''Designing Addressing Architectures for Routing and Switching''<ref>{{cite book
  | last = Berkowitz
  | first = Howard C.
  | title = Designing Addressing Architectures for Routing and Switching
  | publisher = Macmillan Technical Publishing
  | date = 1998
  | location = Indianapolis
  | isbn = 1578700590}}</ref>, ''Designing Routing and Switching Architectures for Enterprise Networks''<ref>{{cite book
  | last = Berkowitz
  | first = Howard C.
  | title = Designing Routing and Switching Architectures for Enterprise Networks
  | publisher = Macmillan Technical Publishing
  | date = 1999
  | location = Indianapolis 
  | isbn = 1578700604}}</ref>, ''WAN Survival Guide''<ref>{{cite book
  | last = Berkowitz
  | first = Howard C.
  | title = WAN Survival Guide: Strategies for VPNs and Multiservice Networks
  | publisher = John Wiley & Sons
  | date = 2000
  | location = New York
  | isbn = 0471384283}}</ref>, and ''Building Service Provider Networks''<ref>{{cite book
  | last = Berkowitz
  | first = Howard C.
  | title = Building Service Provider Networks
  | publisher = John Wiley & Sons
  | date = 2002
  | location = New York
  | isbn = 0471099228}}</ref>.  My general sense is that vendor-independent traditional engineering books have a limited market, and I've been concentrating more on online publications. In the past, I've been involved in preparation for Cisco certifications, and still participate in mailing lists.
==Health sciences==
==Health sciences==
*[[User:Howard C. Berkowitz/DiseasePage]]: Complementing PathogenPage, this is a sample of an article outline for the pathogen that causes a disease.
*[[User:Howard C. Berkowitz/PathogenPage]]: Complementing DiseasePage, this is a sample of an article outline for the disease caused by a particular pathogen. There will need to be variations for bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc.
====Created article at Citizendium====
====Created article at Citizendium====
*[[Acute radiation syndrome]]
*[[Acute radiation syndrome]]

Revision as of 22:58, 17 November 2008


Template:TOC-right Yes, I know I should be using the workgroup status system. It hates me. I can write articles faster than I can get them into that system. . This is not a full list of my contributions; I've found it easier to write than catalog. In penance, however, do take a look at the ongoing discussions at CZ Talk:Usability regarding some organizational techniques.

Professionally, I do network engineering and medical information systems, but am increasingly involved in electronics for commercial fishing (http://www.beachwerks.com), which, in turn, is leading to proposing some renewable biodiesel work, although I'm likely to be returning to building very big networks. When Aleta referred to one of those topics as "not rocket science", I felt compelled to write that article, although I'm stuck in not knowing how to format some equations.

After many years in the Washington DC area, I am now in a fishing village on Cape Cod. As Monty Python would have it, it is far more productive to look at fishing there than in the middle of the Sahara. The biodiesel proposal is an elegant little concept of having seafood caught by diesel-powered fishing vessels, fried by local restaurants, whose waste vegetable oil comes back to our facility, and is converted into mixed biodiesel to go back into the boats.

In the networking realm, I've long been a participant in communications standards, passing knowledge forward in writing and teaching, developing routing and network management products, and architecting a good number of large service provider and enterprise networks. Published four books, author/coauthor of several Internet Engineering Task Force RFCs and many more drafts, dozens of industry presentations, including tutorials on routing for the North American Network Operators Group (http://nanog.org/authors.html). Worked for several years at Nortel, starting as Product Line Manager for Carrier Routing Protocols, and then moving into the corporate research lab as Senior Advisor on IP Routing. Was an invited speaker for the Internet Society meeting in Stockholm, discussing the limits of the Internet routing system.

Until the mania for easy-to-test industry certifications took away the enjoyable parts of teaching other than the test, was a certified instructor for Cisco, primarily teaching Internetwork Design. My specialties include fault tolerance, routing and router design, and network management, plus applications in fields including telecommunications/Internet service provision, military systems, and medicine.

Perhaps not surprisingly, network-centric computing has kept me intertwined with military and intelligence matters (see C3I-ISR for some attempt to keep the alphabet soup under control). Especially in my earlier career, this meshed with my background in microbial biochemistry, so I continue (also wearing the emergency management hat) with WMD, but also technology and social science support to special operations. For example, during Vietnam, I worked for several contractors, academic and commercial, dealing with tactical sensors, assessment of counterinsurgency, etc., and had a good deal of training in intelligence analysis. Later on, I was a technical contributor to national-level C3I network architecture. I've also had the benefit of some mentoring by colleagues through flag officer level in C3I.

In medicine, to paraphrase from an old US television commercial, I'm not a physician but simulate them on computers. While I was a user of Index Medicus before MEDLINE on computers, my first professional work on medical computing was manager and chief developer of clinical computing to the Georgetown University Hospital, an outsourced company, Washington Reference Laboratories, owned by the head of clinical chemistry, Dr. Martin Rubin. I continue consulting work on the products of http://www.aionex.com and have two patents in progress. While it's hard to put into formal terms, I'm passionate about pharmacology -- what other sort of person nags his mother for a Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs for his 10th birthday?

Before I discovered I wasn't cut out to be a bench biochemist, my undergraduate research was on "Competitive inhibition of penicillinase by notalysin, a Penicillium notatum (Westling strain, ATCC 10108) metabolite"; it might have been an early variant of something like clavulanic acid. I started that research proposal while in high school; I had the luck to start getting mentoring from a physician/biochemist and an academic microbiologist, and it probably was just as well that my mother did not know all of what was in my basement lab. No, no explosives, just pathogens -- I later did make some improvised things that went *bang*, but that was under guidance while a contractor working with U.S. Army Special Forces.

Somewhat bridging networking and medicine, I've been involved, in a number of ways, in emergency management, ranging from medical disaster plan development and support, to work with the Incident Command System, and having a number of distance learning certificates from the Federal Emergency Management Agency.

At Citizendium, my areas of contribution are principally in military and intelligence areas, and, with great pleasure, I am again writing in one of my main professional areas, computer network engineering, which simply had become too painful at Wikipedia. I also wwrit health sciences, particularly in regard to clinical computing and medical information management. Occasionally, I will join miscellaneous topics of interest such as cooking, maritime computing and electronics, commercial fishing, and journalism.

My quick references

Disambiguation page

{{dabhdr|foo}} {{r|foo-meaning-1}} {{r|foo-meaning-2}} {{disambig}}

Table

Firefox 3 doesn't support a good many icons in the editor. So... {| class="wikitable" <center>'''Title if used DNS'''</center> |- ! Column 1 Header ! Column 2 Header ! Column 3 Header |- | Row 1, Column 1 | Row 1, Column 2 | Row 1, Column 3 |- | Row 2, Column 1 | Row 2, Column 2 | Row 2, Column 3 |- | Row 3, Column 1 | Row 3, Column 2 | Row 3, Column 3 |}

General engineering

  • Modulation [r]: The process of varying one waveform in relation to another waveform. [e]
  • Amplitude modulation [r]: Changing the height of the peaks of a periodic waveform, such as a radio wave, to carry information. [e]
  • Frequency modulation [r]: Technique for imposing information onto a electromagnetic signal of constant frequency -- the "carrier wave". [e]
  • Radio [r]: Transmission and reception of information, which can be voice, data or imagery over electromagnetic radiation in free space (i.e., wireless). The information is modulated onto a carrier wave [e]
  • Software-defined radio [r]: Radio communication system where components that have typically been implemented in hardware are instead implemented using software on a personal computer or other embedded computing devices. [e]
  • Superheterodyne [r]: A form of reception in which the frequency of an incoming signal is mixed with a locally generated signal and converted to an intermediate frequency in order to facilitate amplification and the rejection of unwanted signals. [e]

Network engineering

My experience with communications standards goes back to the mid-seventies, variously with ISO/CCITT and ANSI to start, especially in network performance. I worked for GTE for a time, and had a good deal of exposure to the internals of telephone networks. As a member of the Federal Telecommunications Standards Committee (1976-1980), I got in at the beginning of what was to become OSI, and also got interested in survivable communications systems, including the (US) National Communications Systems and military networks intended to operate under the most extreme conditions. Those extremes tended to be that the network really needed to operate for 20 minutes or so, but you never knew when the 20 minutes would start, and would just have to cope with network elements randomly turning into mushroom clouds. This tied in with a lifelong interest in politicomilitary history.

The FTSC and National Communications System contributed, in the late seventies, to the ANSI Distributed Systems (DISY) architecture, which was a significant input into the OSI architecture. ISO 7498, the basic OSI Reference Model (OSIRM), was published in 1984. Even ignoring the eventual dominance of Internet protocols, there is a great deal of misunderstanding about OSI, because educators generally ignored supplemental ISO documents that clarified ISO 7498.

From 1986 to 1991, I was the first technical staff member at the Corporation for Open Systems, a not-for-profit industry research center for promoting and testing OSI and ISDN protocols. In addition to secretariat work with the various committees, I managed teams working on FTAM and X.25 test systems, and contributed to IEEE 802 test systems. One memorable experience was lecturing about X.25 testing in Japan, and had the horrible realization that my PowerPoint slides, translated into Japanese, had gotten into a different order than my English-language notes.

For around six years of my life, I explained how OSI was the answer, but eventually realized I didn't know the question.

Network engineering: Citizendium contributions and proposed schemas

Created article

(redlinks may be placeholders for WP content, or for something I will originate here)

Contributed to article

The moving hand writes on the wall: "it's about IP, stupid"

By the early nineties, it was obvious that Internet protocols were indeed the answer, and I started to play in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), North American Network Operators Group (NANOG)and the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF).

In the IETF, my main work has been in the Routing (especially BGP/IDR and OSPF) and Operations & Management Areas (especially BMWG & OPSEC), and, more as a lurker, Security and Real-time Applications & Infrastructure Area. I am an author or coauthor of RFC 1912, RFC 2071[1], RFC 2072[2], RFC 4098[3], and was a reviewer or contributor with many others. I've done quite a few tutorials and presentations available at www.nanog.org, and was a participant in "Team B" of the IRTF Future Domain Requirements effort[4], which essentially looked at the question "what comes after BGP?" Some of my most satisfying work came when I was first the product line manager for routing protocols in the carrier router group, and then in corporate research at Nortel, both working with standards and operational forums, and designing a next-generation router.

Why network architectures and standards?

The early days of computer networks were dominated by a few large companies such as IBM and DEC. In order promote interoperability and avoid a situation where a small number of vendors predominated, each with their own proprietary technology, it was necessary to introduce a set of open standards defining network protocols.

Another issue addressed by this model is maintaining the level of flexibility needed to adapt when new innovations are introduced. The earliest wide area networks (or WANs) ran over telephone lines and were used to link a small number of facilities.

Today, we rarely think about why Internet access has become so ubiquitous. Still, this is quite a technical achievement: a user may be connected to an Ethernet network, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) or a wireless network in a coffee house. They may also use such diverse methods as DSL, cable, or dialup lines to "get online."

The Truth about Network Reference Models

There is a continuing and frustrating tendency, in Wikipedia articles on network architecture, to treat the OSI model as if it is still used other than as a teaching aid, and to try to “coerce” (using the lovely word choice of my colleague, Priscilla Oppenheimer) Internet Protocol Suite protocols into OSI layers. Layering, as an abstraction, is useful up to a point. It can be overused. An updated IETF architectural document, RFC3439, [5] even contains a section entitled: "Layering Considered Harmful": Emphasizing layering as the key driver of architecture is not a feature of the TCP/IP model, but rather of OSI. Much confusion comes from attempts to force OSI-like layering onto an architecture that minimizes their use.

I have insufficient hair to tear it out whenever I try to explain that the Internet protocol suite was not intended to match OSI, was developed before OSI, the full set of OSI specifications (i.e., not just document ISO 7498) subdivide layers so that it is no longer seven, and that OSI has, in the real world, been relegated to a teaching tool. The Internet Protocol Suite has four layers, defined in RFC1122[6]and no IETF document, as opposed to some nonauthoritative textbooks, say it has five.

No IETF standards-track document has accepted a five-layer model, and IETF documents indeed deprecate strict layering of all sorts. Given the lack of acceptance of the five-layer model by the body with technical responsibility for the protocol suite, it is not unreasonable to regard five-layer presentations as teaching aids, possibly to make the IP suite architecture more familiar to those students who were first exposed to layering using the OSI model. Comparisons between the IP and OSI suites can give some insight into the abstraction of layering, but trying to coerce Internet protocols, not designed with OSI in mind, can only lead to confusion.

Again, RFC1122 defines 4 layers. If anyone can find another IETF document that states the OSI model is followed, please cite it. Further, RFC 1122 was published in 1989, while the OSI Reference Model, ISO 7498, was published in 1984. If the RFC 1122 authors had wanted to be OSI compliant, they had the OSI definitions available to them. They didn't use them. Does that suggest they were not concerned with OSI compliance?

For Internet Protocol Suite architecture, textbooks are not authoritative; the IETF's work, particularly the Standards Track, is definitive for the Internet Protocol Suite. I've written networking textbooks, and, while I might clarify an IETF document, I certainly don't contend that textbooks are more definitive than the actual technical specifications created by expert, not beginning student or teacher, consensus.

Unfortunately not available free online AFAIK, there are ISO documents such as "Internal Organization of the Network Layer" [7], which splits the network layer nicely into three levels, logical (lower-layer agnostic), subnetwork (i.e., link technology) specific, and a mapping sublayer between them. ARP, with which many people struggle, drops perfectly into the mapping (technically subnetwork dependence convergence) between them. Another ISO document, "OSI Routeing [sic] Framework" [8], makes it clear that routing protocols, no matter what protocol carries their payloads, are layer management protocols for the network layer. Annex 4 to ISO 7498 gives the OSI Management Framework [9], with both system management and layer management components.

When the IETF was dealing with MPLS and some other things that "don't quite fit", and some people insisted on calling it "layer 2.5", the reality is that the IETF set up a "Sub-IP Area" and did the original work there. MPLS is now back under the Routing Area. There was also a Performance Implications of Link Characteristics (PILC) working group that has ended its effort, but also deals with sub-IP (archives at http://www.isi.edu/pilc/).

Why is Wikipedia having problems in network topics?

There is a great deal of valuable information on networking at Wikipedia. There is also a great deal of misinformation, partially due to networking experts leaving in frustration with the process of having authoritative definitions constantly changed by editors who found their high school or college textbook conflicted with primary sources or direct experience in developing networks and primary sources.

I'm one of those people. while I'll certainly stay involved in my profession, I've found the frustration of working with Wikipedia on serious network architecture is simply no fun at all. One of the most important real-world issues is that in terms of real-world products and networks, the "7-layer" Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model‎ from the International Organization for Standardization is dead, and the less formal architectural models primarily associated with the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) actually define what is done. Unfortunately, most introductory courses and books on networking keep the OSI model as a key part of their presentations, much as, I suppose, Dr. Frankenstein kept his undead monster alive.

If people want to keep insisting that IETF protocols must fit into the OSI reference model, if protocol payloads must be of layer N+1 if their payload is management (e.g., routing) for layer N, that there are five layers in the Internet reference model, may they enjoy themselves. It's not even that I've tried to impose an IP-centric view, although I have linked RFCs specifically saying that strict layering is considered harmful and RFC 1122 chose to ignore ISO 7498; I've even cited more detailed ISO documents -- but people want to keep insisting their incorrect textbooks are more authoritative, or "explain" to me about protocol encapsulation and layering.

In the real world, I've written four books on network engineering, Designing Addressing Architectures for Routing and Switching[10], Designing Routing and Switching Architectures for Enterprise Networks[11], WAN Survival Guide[12], and Building Service Provider Networks[13]. My general sense is that vendor-independent traditional engineering books have a limited market, and I've been concentrating more on online publications. In the past, I've been involved in preparation for Cisco certifications, and still participate in mailing lists.

Military and intelligence: Citizendium contributions and proposed schemas

I'll try to categorize these by the most relevant workgroup, although certain areas, especially intelligence, don't neatly match to a workgroup. +denotes articles where I was the primary author or ongoing editor at Wikipedia. Further below, I discuss my background and interests in the major fields.

Intelligence

While I started out calling many military, it's just as appropriate, with many, to add history, engineering, law, and assorted sciences.

The general discipline

A schema I started at Wikipedia, which could use some tweaks. Blue links obviously are here; red links may or may not come over in the same form.

Note there is overlap with Special Operations. things are proposals are italics; I may have working drafts

Several of the key articles are published, starting with

Intelligence cycle management
Intelligence collection management
SIGINT+
Electro-optical MASINT
Spectroscopic MASINT
Nuclear MASINT
Geophysical MASINT
Radar MASINT should true imaging radar move to IMINT?
Radiofrequency MASINT
Materials MASINT
HUMINT
Clandestine human-source intelligence strong tie-in with counterintelligence
Special reconnaissance also a special operations technique
Special reconnaissance organizations
Clandestine human-source intelligence operational techniques
Clandestine human-source intelligence recruiting
Clandestine human-source intelligence and covert action (also see Direct action (military))
Clandestine cell system
Open source intelligence
TECHINT$ (the article exists, but has expanded, not necessarily cleanly, into national-level scientific and technical intelligence (S&TI) and economic intelligence. With the latter two, as with TECHINT, the problem is that they have aspects of both collection and analysis. I think they are more analysis, but haven't decided a good way to describe their collection requirements
medical intelligence (if it doesn't go under intelligence organizations) As for TECHINT, there are collection and analysis aspects.
IMINT$
Should imaging radar move here, but not, for example, tracking radar used to determine missile performance? Anything from electro-optical MASINT? My basic rule: IMINT forms pictures, quasi-imaging MASINT gives graphs or property-by-pixel tables'
Intelligence analysis management
Intelligence analysis
Cognitive traps for intelligence analysis
US intelligence community A-Space
financial intelligence
economic intelligence, which I'm probably not qualified to write
medical intelligence if it doesn't go elsewhere
Intelligence dissemination management
Intelligence cycle security
Counterintelligence
Counterintelligence failures*
Counter-intelligence and counterterror organizations* (fairly unhappy with what's around)

Articles marked with * either are split out from other lengthy articles and expanded, or of assorted short articles of the class I call "glue", as necessary to connect other articles or provide context, such as Echelons above Corps.


Started article at Citizendium

US intelligence community specific

Started article at Citizendium

International agreements, political and military

Politics

General military

While growing up, I rarely blew up things, preferring the more subtle threat of bacteriology. My mother, an Army reserve officer, did bring home assorted Field Manuals that would shock US Homeland Security.

In addition to military command and control, and participating in gaming and simulation, I've had a certain amount of exposure to intelligence research and analysis, and occasionally do open source intelligence consulting. Some of my graduate work was in strategic intelligence analysis.

War is hell. Still, there are moments that show the best of human virtues, such as Guy Gabaldon

The list below, of articles I've started or edited, is not up to date. There a number of short articles on individual military electronics systems, which make sense as a group. AN-, to a certain extent, brings them together.

Doctrine

Command and Control

Ground Combat arms

Air warfare doctrine

=Information operations & Military electronics

{{r|APY-2}

Ordnance and Missiles

Second World War

Aircraft

Combat support

Combat service support

Naval warfare

Vietnam War

Gulf War

Iraq War

{{r|David Petraeus===== {{r|David Kilcullen}

=Amphibious warfare

Special operations

US-independent
US-specific

Health sciences

  • User:Howard C. Berkowitz/DiseasePage: Complementing PathogenPage, this is a sample of an article outline for the pathogen that causes a disease.
  • User:Howard C. Berkowitz/PathogenPage: Complementing DiseasePage, this is a sample of an article outline for the disease caused by a particular pathogen. There will need to be variations for bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc.

Created article at Citizendium

Contributed to Citizendium article

Food Sciences and Agriculture

Cooking

Fishing industry/marine computing and electronics

References

  1. ↑ Ferguson, P & H Berkowitz (1997), Network Renumbering Overview: Why would I want it and what is it anyway?, IETF, RFC2071
  2. ↑ Berkowitz, H (1997), Router Renumbering Guide, IETF, FDR
  3. ↑ Berkowitz, H; E Davies & S Hares et al. (2005), Terminology for Benchmarking BGP Device Convergence in the Control Plane, IETF, RFC4098
  4. ↑ Davies E. & Doria A., ed. (2007), Analysis of IDR requirements and History, IETF
  5. ↑ Bush, R. & Meyer (2002), Some Internet Architectural Guidelines and Philosophy, IETF, RFC3439
  6. ↑ Braden, R (1989), Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Communication Layers, IETF, RFC1122
  7. ↑ Internal Organization of the Network Layer, ISO, 1988, ISO 8648
  8. ↑ OSI Routeing Framework, ISO, 1995, ISO/TR 9575
  9. ↑ Open Systems Interconnection -- Basic Reference Model -- Part 4: Management framework, ISO, ISO7498/4
  10. ↑ Berkowitz, Howard C. (1998). Designing Addressing Architectures for Routing and Switching. Indianapolis: Macmillan Technical Publishing. ISBN 1578700590. 
  11. ↑ Berkowitz, Howard C. (1999). Designing Routing and Switching Architectures for Enterprise Networks. Indianapolis: Macmillan Technical Publishing. ISBN 1578700604. 
  12. ↑ Berkowitz, Howard C. (2000). WAN Survival Guide: Strategies for VPNs and Multiservice Networks. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471384283. 
  13. ↑ Berkowitz, Howard C. (2002). Building Service Provider Networks. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471099228. 
Retrieved from "https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=User:Howard_C._Berkowitz&oldid=455565"