Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Difference between revisions
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[[twin study|Twin studies]] suggest 76% of ADHD is inherited.<ref name="pmid15950004">{{cite journal |author=Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, ''et al'' |title=Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=Biol. Psychiatry |volume=57 |issue=11 |pages=1313–23 |year=2005 |pmid=15950004 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.024}}</ref> Abnormalities of [[biogenic amine receptor]]s may contribute to ADHD.<ref name="pmid15950004">{{cite journal |author=Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, ''et al'' |title=Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=Biol. Psychiatry |volume=57 |issue=11 |pages=1313–23 |year=2005 |pmid=15950004 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.024}}</ref> | [[twin study|Twin studies]] suggest 76% of ADHD is inherited.<ref name="pmid15950004">{{cite journal |author=Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, ''et al'' |title=Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=Biol. Psychiatry |volume=57 |issue=11 |pages=1313–23 |year=2005 |pmid=15950004 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.024}}</ref> Abnormalities of [[biogenic amine receptor]]s may contribute to ADHD.<ref name="pmid15950004">{{cite journal |author=Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, ''et al'' |title=Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=Biol. Psychiatry |volume=57 |issue=11 |pages=1313–23 |year=2005 |pmid=15950004 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.024}}</ref> | ||
[[Magnetic resonance imaging]] has investigated the development of the brains of children with ADHD.<ref name="pmid12365958">{{cite journal |author=Castellanos FX, Lee PP, Sharp W, ''et al'' |title=Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=JAMA |volume=288 |issue=14 |pages=1740–8 |year=2002 |month=October |pmid=12365958 |doi= |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12365958 |issn=}}</ref> | ADHD may result from impaired [[dopamine]] transmission in the [[Mesencephalon|midbrain]]<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1001/jama.2009.1308 | volume = 302 | issue = 10 | pages = 1084-1091 | ||
| last = Volkow | first = Nora D. | coauthors = Gene-Jack Wang, Scott H. Kollins, Tim L. Wigal, Jeffrey H. Newcorn, Frank Telang, Joanna S. Fowler, Wei Zhu, Jean Logan, Yeming Ma, Kith Pradhan, Christopher Wong, James M. Swanson | title = Evaluating Dopamine Reward Pathway in ADHD: Clinical Implications | |||
| journal = JAMA | accessdate = 2009-09-09 | date = 2009-09-09 | url = http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/302/10/1084 }}</ref>, similar to a prior study on susceptibility to cocaine abuse.<ref name="pmid17332411">{{cite journal| author=Dalley JW, Fryer TD, Brichard L, Robinson ES, Theobald DE, Lääne K et al.| title=Nucleus accumbens D2/3 receptors predict trait impulsivity and cocaine reinforcement. | journal=Science | year= 2007 | volume= 315 | issue= 5816 | pages= 1267-70 | pmid=17332411 | |||
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17332411 | doi=10.1126/science.1137073 | pmc=PMC1892797 }} <!--Formatted by http://sumsearch.uthscsa.edu/cite/--></ref> [[Magnetic resonance imaging]] has investigated the development of the brains of children with ADHD.<ref name="pmid12365958">{{cite journal |author=Castellanos FX, Lee PP, Sharp W, ''et al'' |title=Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=JAMA |volume=288 |issue=14 |pages=1740–8 |year=2002 |month=October |pmid=12365958 |doi= |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12365958 |issn=}}</ref> | |||
The relationship between childhood [[bipolar disorder]] and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is uncertain.<ref name="pmid17374805">{{cite journal |author=Kuehn BM |title=Scientists probe child bipolar disorder |journal=JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association |volume=297 |issue=11 |pages=1181 |year=2007 |month=March |pmid=17374805 |doi=10.1001/jama.297.11.1181 |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17374805 |issn=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18052572">{{cite journal |author=Wingo AP, Ghaemi SN |title=A systematic review of rates and diagnostic validity of comorbid adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder |journal=J Clin Psychiatry |volume=68 |issue=11 |pages=1776–84 |year=2007 |month=November |pmid=18052572 |doi= |url=http://article.psychiatrist.com/?ContentType=START&ID=10003327 |issn=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17156157">{{cite journal |author=Singh MK, DelBello MP, Kowatch RA, Strakowski SM |title=Co-occurrence of bipolar and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders in children |journal=Bipolar Disord |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=710–20 |year=2006 |month=December |pmid=17156157 |doi=10.1111/j.1399-5618.2006.00391.x |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=1398-5647&date=2006&volume=8&issue=6&spage=710 |issn=}}</ref> | The relationship between childhood [[bipolar disorder]] and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is uncertain.<ref name="pmid17374805">{{cite journal |author=Kuehn BM |title=Scientists probe child bipolar disorder |journal=JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association |volume=297 |issue=11 |pages=1181 |year=2007 |month=March |pmid=17374805 |doi=10.1001/jama.297.11.1181 |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17374805 |issn=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18052572">{{cite journal |author=Wingo AP, Ghaemi SN |title=A systematic review of rates and diagnostic validity of comorbid adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder |journal=J Clin Psychiatry |volume=68 |issue=11 |pages=1776–84 |year=2007 |month=November |pmid=18052572 |doi= |url=http://article.psychiatrist.com/?ContentType=START&ID=10003327 |issn=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17156157">{{cite journal |author=Singh MK, DelBello MP, Kowatch RA, Strakowski SM |title=Co-occurrence of bipolar and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders in children |journal=Bipolar Disord |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=710–20 |year=2006 |month=December |pmid=17156157 |doi=10.1111/j.1399-5618.2006.00391.x |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=1398-5647&date=2006&volume=8&issue=6&spage=710 |issn=}}</ref> |
Revision as of 22:46, 8 September 2009
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | |
---|---|
ICD-10 | ICD10 F84.0-F84.1 |
ICD-9 | 314.00
, 314.01 |
OMIM | 143465 |
MedlinePlus | 001551 |
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a "behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood."[1][2][3]
ADHD occurs in adults also.[4]
There are significant adverse socioeconomic outcomes from ADHD.[5][6]
Etiology/cause
Twin studies suggest 76% of ADHD is inherited.[7] Abnormalities of biogenic amine receptors may contribute to ADHD.[7]
ADHD may result from impaired dopamine transmission in the midbrain[8], similar to a prior study on susceptibility to cocaine abuse.[9] Magnetic resonance imaging has investigated the development of the brains of children with ADHD.[10]
The relationship between childhood bipolar disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is uncertain.[11][12][13]
Treatment
The Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD randomized controlled trial concluded "for ADHD symptoms, our carefully crafted medication management was superior to behavioral treatment and to routine community care that included medication. Our combined treatment did not yield significantly greater benefits than medication management for core ADHD symptoms, but may have provided modest advantages for non-ADHD symptom and positive functioning outcomes."[14] The components of this trial included over 14 months:[15]
- Medications: "Were seen monthly for one-half hour at each medication visit. During the treatment visits, the prescribing physician spoke with the parent, met with the child, and sought to determine any concerns that the family might have regarding the medication or the child’s ADHD-related difficulties. The physicians, in addition, sought input from the teachers on a monthly basis."
- Behavior: "Families met up to 35 times with a behavior therapist, mostly in group sessions. These therapists also made repeated visits to schools to consult with children’s teachers and to supervise a special aide assigned to each child in the group. In addition, children attended a special 8-week summer treatment program where they worked on academic, social, and sports skills, and where intensive behavioral therapy was delivered to assist children in improving their behavior"
Medications
Several stimulant medications are effective[16] and may also reduce the incidence of subsequent psychiatric disorders.[17] Stimulants work by blocking the dopamine transporter.[2] However, these drugs may increase cardiac complications.[18]
Behavior therapy
Various behavioral programs have been studied.[19] Health care providers, parents, and schools should collaborate in behavior therapy. In the United States, federal regulation provides for support to public schools for the education of children with disabilities such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (see below).[20][21]
American Academy of Family Physicians | Attention Deficit Disorder Association | National Resource Center (NRC) on AD/HD |
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United States: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
In the United States, Title 34 Part 300 of the Code of Federal Regulation provides for support to public schools for the education of children with 'other health impairments' such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.[20][21]
References
- ↑ Anonymous (2024), Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Biederman J, Faraone SV (2005). "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder". Lancet 366 (9481): 237–48. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66915-2. PMID 16023516. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Rappley MD (2005). "Clinical practice. Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder". N. Engl. J. Med. 352 (2): 165–73. DOI:10.1056/NEJMcp032387. PMID 15647579. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Okie S (2006). "ADHD in adults". N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (25): 2637–41. DOI:10.1056/NEJMp068113. PMID 16790695. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Biederman J, Faraone SV (2006). "The effects of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on employment and household income". MedGenMed 8 (3): 12. PMID 17406154. [e]
- ↑ Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Bessler A, Malloy P, Hynes ME (1997). "Educational and occupational outcome of hyperactive boys grown up". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36 (9): 1222–7. PMID 9291723. [e]
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, et al (2005). "Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Biol. Psychiatry 57 (11): 1313–23. DOI:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.024. PMID 15950004. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Volkow, Nora D.; Gene-Jack Wang, Scott H. Kollins, Tim L. Wigal, Jeffrey H. Newcorn, Frank Telang, Joanna S. Fowler, Wei Zhu, Jean Logan, Yeming Ma, Kith Pradhan, Christopher Wong, James M. Swanson (2009-09-09). "Evaluating Dopamine Reward Pathway in ADHD: Clinical Implications". JAMA 302 (10): 1084-1091. DOI:10.1001/jama.2009.1308. Retrieved on 2009-09-09. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Dalley JW, Fryer TD, Brichard L, Robinson ES, Theobald DE, Lääne K et al. (2007). "Nucleus accumbens D2/3 receptors predict trait impulsivity and cocaine reinforcement.". Science 315 (5816): 1267-70. DOI:10.1126/science.1137073. PMID 17332411. PMC PMC1892797. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Castellanos FX, Lee PP, Sharp W, et al (October 2002). "Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". JAMA 288 (14): 1740–8. PMID 12365958. [e]
- ↑ Kuehn BM (March 2007). "Scientists probe child bipolar disorder". JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association 297 (11): 1181. DOI:10.1001/jama.297.11.1181. PMID 17374805. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Wingo AP, Ghaemi SN (November 2007). "A systematic review of rates and diagnostic validity of comorbid adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder". J Clin Psychiatry 68 (11): 1776–84. PMID 18052572. [e]
- ↑ Singh MK, DelBello MP, Kowatch RA, Strakowski SM (December 2006). "Co-occurrence of bipolar and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders in children". Bipolar Disord 8 (6): 710–20. DOI:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2006.00391.x. PMID 17156157. Research Blogging.
- ↑ (December 1999) "A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The MTA Cooperative Group. Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD". Archives of general psychiatry 56 (12): 1073–86. PMID 10591283. [e]
- ↑ Anonymous. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. National Institutes of Health.
- ↑ Pritchard D (2006). "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children". Clin Evid (15): 331–44. PMID 16973014. [e]
- ↑ Biederman J, Monuteaux MC, Spencer T, Wilens TE, Faraone SV (2009). "Do stimulants protect against psychiatric disorders in youth with ADHD? A 10-year follow-up study.". Pediatrics 124 (1): 71-8. DOI:10.1542/peds.2008-3347. PMID 19564285. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Nissen SE (2006). "ADHD drugs and cardiovascular risk". N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (14): 1445–8. DOI:10.1056/NEJMp068049. PMID 16549404. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Barkley RA, Guevremont DC, Anastopoulos AD, Fletcher KE (June 1992). "A comparison of three family therapy programs for treating family conflicts in adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder". Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 60 (3): 450–62. PMID 1619099. [e]
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Anonymous (Oct. 30, 2007). Title 34: Education: PART 300—Assistance To States for the Education of Children With Disabilities. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Anonymous. IDEA - Building The Legacy of IDEA 2004. U.S. Department of Education.