Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Difference between revisions

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[[twin study|Twin studies]] suggest 76% of ADHD is inherited.<ref name="pmid15950004">{{cite journal |author=Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, ''et al'' |title=Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=Biol. Psychiatry |volume=57 |issue=11 |pages=1313–23 |year=2005 |pmid=15950004 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.024}}</ref> Abnormalities of [[biogenic amine receptor]]s may contribute to ADHD.<ref name="pmid15950004">{{cite journal |author=Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, ''et al'' |title=Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=Biol. Psychiatry |volume=57 |issue=11 |pages=1313–23 |year=2005 |pmid=15950004 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.024}}</ref>
[[twin study|Twin studies]] suggest 76% of ADHD is inherited.<ref name="pmid15950004">{{cite journal |author=Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, ''et al'' |title=Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=Biol. Psychiatry |volume=57 |issue=11 |pages=1313–23 |year=2005 |pmid=15950004 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.024}}</ref> Abnormalities of [[biogenic amine receptor]]s may contribute to ADHD.<ref name="pmid15950004">{{cite journal |author=Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, ''et al'' |title=Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=Biol. Psychiatry |volume=57 |issue=11 |pages=1313–23 |year=2005 |pmid=15950004 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.024}}</ref>


The relationship between childhood [[bipolar disorder]] and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is uncertain.
The relationship between childhood [[bipolar disorder]] and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is uncertain.<ref name="pmid17374805">{{cite journal |author=Kuehn BM |title=Scientists probe child bipolar disorder |journal=JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association |volume=297 |issue=11 |pages=1181 |year=2007 |month=March |pmid=17374805 |doi=10.1001/jama.297.11.1181 |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17374805 |issn=}}</ref>


==Treatment==
==Treatment==

Revision as of 19:53, 6 October 2008

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a "behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood."[1][2][3]

ADHD occurs in adults also.[4]

There are significant adverse socioeconomic outcomes from ADHD.[5][6]

Etiology/cause

Twin studies suggest 76% of ADHD is inherited.[7] Abnormalities of biogenic amine receptors may contribute to ADHD.[7]

The relationship between childhood bipolar disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is uncertain.[8]

Treatment

Several stimulant drugs are effective.[9] Stimulant drugs work by blocking the dopamine transporter.[2] However, these drugs may increase cardiac complications.[10]

References

  1. ↑ Anonymous (2024), Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Biederman J, Faraone SV (2005). "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder". Lancet 366 (9481): 237–48. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66915-2. PMID 16023516. Research Blogging.
  3. ↑ Rappley MD (2005). "Clinical practice. Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder". N. Engl. J. Med. 352 (2): 165–73. DOI:10.1056/NEJMcp032387. PMID 15647579. Research Blogging.
  4. ↑ Okie S (2006). "ADHD in adults". N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (25): 2637–41. DOI:10.1056/NEJMp068113. PMID 16790695. Research Blogging.
  5. ↑ Biederman J, Faraone SV (2006). "The effects of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on employment and household income". MedGenMed 8 (3): 12. PMID 17406154. [e]
  6. ↑ Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Bessler A, Malloy P, Hynes ME (1997). "Educational and occupational outcome of hyperactive boys grown up". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36 (9): 1222–7. PMID 9291723. [e]
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, et al (2005). "Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Biol. Psychiatry 57 (11): 1313–23. DOI:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.024. PMID 15950004. Research Blogging.
  8. ↑ Kuehn BM (March 2007). "Scientists probe child bipolar disorder". JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association 297 (11): 1181. DOI:10.1001/jama.297.11.1181. PMID 17374805. Research Blogging.
  9. ↑ Pritchard D (2006). "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children". Clin Evid (15): 331–44. PMID 16973014. [e]
  10. ↑ Nissen SE (2006). "ADHD drugs and cardiovascular risk". N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (14): 1445–8. DOI:10.1056/NEJMp068049. PMID 16549404. Research Blogging.
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