imported>David E. Volk |
imported>Minhaj Ahmed Khan Lodi |
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| '''Urdu''', {{lang|ur|'''اردو'''}}, trans. ''Urdū'', historically spelled '''Ordu''') is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] of the [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian branch]], belonging to the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family of languages. It developed under [[Persian language|Persian]] and to a lesser degree [[Arabic Language|Arabic]] and [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] influence on [[apabhramsha]]s during the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Empire]] (1526–1858 AD) in [[South Asia]].<ref name="National Council for Promotion of Urdu language 2">{{cite web|url = http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/pers_pp/index.htm| title = A Historical Perspective of Urdu|publisher = National Council for Promotion of Urdu language|accessdate = 2007-06-15}}</ref> | | '''Urdu''' is an indo-aryan language spoken primarily in South Asia. It uses the persio-arabic script. |
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| Urdu is a standardised [[register (linguistics)|register]] of the [[standard dialect]] [[Khariboli]]. The grammatical description in this article concerns this standard Urdū. In general, the term "Urdū" can encompass dialects of Hindustani other than the standardised versions.
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| Standard Urdu has approximately the twentieth largest population of native speakers, among all languages. It is the [[national language]] of [[Pakistan]] as well as one of the [[List of national languages of India|23 official languages]] of [[India]].
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| Urdu is often [[Hindi#Hindi and Urdu|contrasted with Hindi]], another standardised form of [[Hindustani]]. The main differences between the two are that Standard Urdu is conventionally written in [[Nastaliq script|Nastaliq calligraphy style]] of the [[Perso-Arabic script]] and draws vocabulary more heavily from Persian and Arabic than Hindi, while Standard Hindi is conventionally written in [[Devanāgarī]] and draws vocabulary from [[Sanskrit]] comparatively more heavily. Linguists nonetheless consider Urdu and Hindi to be two standardized forms of the same language.<ref>[http://mesa.ucdavis.edu/hindiurdu/index.htm UC Davis University of California: Hindi-Urdu Program, Middle East & South Asia Studies, UC Davis]</ref>
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| == Speakers and geographic distribution ==
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| Urdu is the national and official language, and [[lingua franca]] of [[Pakistan]]. As such, it is widely used, both formally and informally, for personal letters as well as public literature, in the literary sphere and in the popular media. It is a required subject of study in all primary and secondary schools.
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| Less than 8% of Pakistanis speak it as their first language (10.7 million in 1991) but it is spoken fluently as a second language by all literate Pakistanis. It is the first language of most [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Muhajir]]s.
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| Including second language speakers, the total number of Urdu speakers is estimated at 104 million (1999 WA).
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| Urdu by origin is a Persianized dialect of [[Hindustani]]. Urdu was spoken for centuries in the neighbourhood of [[Delhi]] in the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultanate]] period, where it acquired [[linguistic prestige]] as the language of the court. [[Rekhta]] is a less formal register used in [[Urdu poetry]].
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| Urdu is written in [[Nastaliq]], a modified form of the [[Arabic alphabet]]. Its basically [[Indic]] vocabulary has been enriched by borrowings from [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], English and other [[Indian languages]].
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| Urdu has drawn inspiration from [[Persian literature]] and has now an enormous stock of words. The first [[poetry]] in Urdu was by the Persian poet [[Amir Khusro]] (1253–1325) and the first [[Urdu literature|Urdu book]] "[[Woh Majlis]]" was written in 1728 and the first time the word "'''Urdu'''" was used by [[Saraj-ud-din Aarzoo]] in 1751.
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| Urdu was an official language in [[British India]] since 1835 and in [[India]] since 1947, where it is spoken by [[Muslim]] population, is one of the 15 national languages recognized by the [[constitution]].
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| The total number of native speakers is estimated at 60.5 million (1993), accounting for close to 50 million speakers outside of Pakistan, of which 48 million reside in the [[Republic of India]], leaving about 2 million speakers scattered throughout the [[Pakistani diaspora]].
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| In [[Pakistan]], Urdu is spoken and understood by a majority of urban dwellers in such cities as [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Rawalpindi]]/[[Islamabad]], [[Faisalabad]], [[Hyderabad (Pakistan)|Hyderabad]], [[Peshawar]], [[Gujranwala]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Sargodha]]. Urdu is used as the official language in all provinces of [[Pakistan]]. It is also taught as a compulsory language up to high school in both the English and Urdu medium school systems. This has produced millions of Urdu speakers whose mother tongue is one of the regional languages of Pakistan such as [[Punjabi]], [[Hindku]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Pashto]], [[Kashmiri]], [[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Siraiki language|Siraiki]], and [[Brahui language|Brahui]]. Urdu is the [[lingua franca]] of Pakistan and is absorbing many words from regional languages of Pakistan which in recent years has given the Urdu language a distinctively ''Pakistani'' Flavour distinguishing itself from that spoken in other parts of South Asia. The regional languages are also being influenced by Urdu vocabulary. For example, most Pashto speakers in Pakistan count their numbers in Urdu, and often use Pashto-ized forms of Urdu words, such as "rotai" (bread: from Urdu 'roti') instead of the native Pashto word, "dodai."
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| There are also millions of Pakistanis whose first language is not Urdu but since they have studied in Urdu medium schools they can read and write in Urdu, and are often unable to do the same in their own mother tongue as the Pakistani government does not give official patronage to provincial language such as [[Panjabi]] despite the fact that it is the maternal language of nearly 45% of the population. Most of the nearly five million [[Afghan refugees]] of different ethnic origins (such as [[Pathan]], [[Tajik]], [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]], [[Hazara people|Hazarvi]], and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]]) who stayed in Pakistan for over twenty-five years have also become fluent in Urdu.
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| A very large number of newspapers are published in Urdu in [[Pakistan]], including the [[Daily Jang]], [[Nawa-i-Waqt]], [[Millat]], among many others (see [[List of newspapers in Pakistan]]).
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| == Pakistani Urdu ==
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| As stated before, with the establishment of Urdu as the national language of Pakistan in 1947, the country has absorbed many words from Pakistan's various provinces and differing ethnic groups who have significantly left their imprint on this otherwise non-native language. Often rejected by various ethnic groups in Pakistan who resent the imposition of what they term a ''foreign'' language, the language has for the most part done the job it was tasked for, which was to act as a ''lingua franca'' for the different regions of the country much as Persian had done in Pakistan for several thousand years prior to its abolishment and subsequent replacement with Urdu by the former British Colonial rulers of South Asia. Despite the opposition, the language is used predominantly by the lower and middle class of the country who speak the language on a daily basis particularly in the workforce and in job related activities. This has resulted in a distinctive dialect of the language now spoken in Pakistan at times making it difficult for Pakistani speakers of the language to converse with other South Asian speakers. The language is constantly evolving in Pakistan absorbing more and more words from [[Persian]], [[Pashto]], [[Panjabi]], [[Sindhi]], [[Kashmiri]] and other native languages of Pakistan. as more in more time elapses, the Pakistani variant of the Urdu language is gradually assuming more grammatical similarity with other languages of the Iranic branch of the Indo-European family tree. Despite its now widespread use, there still remains some opposition to the language and a call for the restoration of Persian as the national language of Pakistan.<ref>http://www.geocities.com/paklanguage/</ref>
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| == Urdu in South Asia ==
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| In [[India]], Urdu is spoken in places where there are large Muslim minorities or cities which were bases for Muslim Empires in the past. These include parts of [[Uttar Pradesh]] (namely [[Lucknow]]), [[Delhi]], [[Kashmir]], [[Bhopal]], [[Hyderabad (India)|Hyderabad]], [[Bangalore]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mysore]], [[Patna]], [[Ajmer]], and [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>[https://www.indiatravelite.com/holyplaces/ajmerint.htm India Travelite: Holy Places - Ajmer]</ref> Some Indian schools teach Urdu as a first language and have their own syllabus and exams. Indian [[madrasahs]] also teach [[Arabic]] as well as Urdu. India has more than 29 daily Urdu newspapers. Newspapers such as [[Sahara Urdu]] [[Daily Salar]], [[Hindustan Express]], [[Daily Pasban]], [[Siasat Daily]], [[Munsif Daily]] and [[Inqilab]] are published and distributed in Bangalore, Mysore, Hyderabad, and [[Mumbai]] (see [[List of newspapers in India]]).
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| Outside South Asia, it is spoken by large numbers of migrant South Asian workers in the major urban centers of the [[Persian Gulf]] countries and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Urdu is also spoken by large numbers of immigrants and their children in the major urban centers of the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Norway]] and [[Australia]].
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| Countries with large numbers of native Urdu speakers:
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| {| valign=top
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| * [[languages of India|India]] (48.1 million [1997], 5.2%)<ref name="Ethnologue - India">{{cite web|url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=in| title = Ethnologue Report for India|publisher = [[SIL Ethnologue]]|accessdate = 2007-10-07}}</ref>
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| * [[Languages of Pakistan|Pakistan]] (10.7 million [1993], 8%)<ref name="Ethnologue - Pakistan">{{cite web|url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=pk| title = Ethnologue Report for Pakistan|publisher = [[SIL Ethnologue]]|accessdate = 2007-10-07}}</ref>
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| * [[Bangladesh]] (650,000, 0.4%)<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Bangladesh Ethnologue Report for Bangladesh]</ref>
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| * [[United Arab Emirates]] (600,000, 13%)
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| * [[United Kingdom]] (400,000 [1990], 0.7%)
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| * [[Saudi Arabia]] (382,000, 1.5%)<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=SA Ethnologue Report for Saudi Arabia]</ref>
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| * [[Nepal]] (375,000, 1.3%)
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| * [[United States]] (350,000, 0.1%)
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| * [[South Africa]] (170,000 [[South Asian]] [[Muslim]]s, some of which may speak Urdu)<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=South+Africa Ethnologue Report for South Africa]</ref>
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| * [[Oman]] (90,000, 2.8%)
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| * [[Canada]] (80,895 [2001])<ref>[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/Products/Analytic/companion/lang/highlights.cfm Canada: Language Profile]</ref>
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| * [[Bahrain]] (80,000, 11.3%)
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| * [[Mauritius]] (74,000, 5.6%)
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| * [[Qatar]] (70,000, 8%)
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| * [[Germany]] (40,000)
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| * [[Norway]] (26,950 [2005])<ref>[http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/01/10/innvbef_en/tab-2005-05-26-02-en.html Statistics Norway]</ref>
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| * [[France]] (20,000)
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| * [[Spain]] (18,000 [2004])<ref>[http://www.pakistanlink.com/Letters/2004/July04/02/10.html Pakistan Link: Desi Salsa in Barcelona]</ref>
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| * [[Sweden]] (10,000 [2001])<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/demographics-of-sweden Answers.com: Demographics of Sweden]</ref>
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| * [[List of languages by number of native speakers|World Total]]: 60,503,578<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=urd Ethnologue Report for Urdu]</ref>
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| |}
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| From this list it becomes apparent that the largest relative concentration of native Urdu speakers isn't found in South Asia at all, but in minor Arab states ([[United Arab Emirates]], [[Bahrain]]) where they exceed 10% of the total population. This is due to the large number of Pakistani and Indian migrants.
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| == Official status ==
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| Urdu is the national language of [[Pakistan]] and is spoken and understood throughout the country. Urdu speakers are typically Muslims. It shares [[official language]] status with English. It is used in [[Education in Pakistan|education]], [[Pakistani literature|literature]], office and court business (it should be noted that in the lower courts in Pakistan, despite the proceedings taking place in Urdu, the documents are in English. In the higher courts, ie, the High Courts and the Supreme Court both the proceedings and documents are in English.), [[List of Pakistani television and radio channels|media]], and in religious institutions. It holds in itself a repository of the [[Culture of Pakistan|cultural]], religious and [[Pakistan#Society and culture|social]] heritage of the country.<ref name=”zia”>Zia, Khaver (1999), [http://www.cicc.or.jp/english/hyoujyunka/mlit4/7-10Pakistan/Pakistan2.html "A Survey of Standardization in Urdu". 4th Symposium on Multilingual Information Processing, (MLIT-4)], [[Yangon]], [[Myanmar]]. CICC, [[Japan]]</ref> Although English is used in most elite circles, and [[Punjabi]] has a plurality of native speakers, Urdu is the [[lingua franca]] and is expected to prevail.
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| Urdu is also one of the officially recognized state languages in [[official languages of India|India]]<ref>see [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_762510380/Urdu.html Urdu] at [[Encarta Encyclopedia|Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia]]</ref> and has official language status in the Indian states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]], and the national capital, [[Delhi]], as well as in [[Jammu and Kashmir]]. While the government school system in most other states emphasizes Standard [[Hindi language|Hindi]], at universities in cities such as [[Lucknow]], [[Aligarh]] and [[Hyderabad (India)|Hyderabad]], Urdu is spoken, learned, and regarded as a language of prestige.
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| Yet, in much of the Persian Gulf states both the speakers of Urdu, who are imported to do the actual physical labour and menial work, and the language they speak and the script are considered to be inferior to the Arabic language and its similar script in much the same way the English have belittled the speakers of English from Ireland and Scotland.
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| == Classification and related languages ==
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| Urdu is a member of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] family of languages (i.e., those languages descending from [[Sanskrit]]), which is in turn a branch of the [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian group]] (which comprises the Indo-Aryan and the Iranian branches), which itself is a member of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] linguistic family. Urdu (along with [[Hindi language|Hindi]]) is considered to be a part of a [[dialect continuum]] which extends across eastern Iran, Afghanistan and modern Pakistan<ref>Phukan, 2000.</ref>—right into eastern India. These idioms all have similar grammatical structures and share a large portion of their vocabulary. Punjabi, for instance, is very similar to Urdu; Punjabi written in the [[Shahmukhi]] script can be understood by speakers of Urdu with little difficulty, but spoken Punjabi has a very different [[phonology]] (pronunciation system) and can be harder to understand for Urdu speakers.
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| == Dialects ==
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| Urdu has four recognised dialects: [[Dakhini]], Pinjari, [[Rekhta]], and Modern Vernacular Urdu (based on the [[Khariboli]] dialect of the Delhi region). Sociolinguists also consider Urdu itself one of the four major variants of the [[Hindi]]-Urdu dialect continuum.
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| Modern Vernacular Urdu is the form of the language that is least widespread and is spoken around [[Delhi]], [[Lucknow]] and the Pakistani variant of the language spoken in [[Karachi]] and [[Lahore]], it becomes increasingly divergent from the original form of Urdu as it loses some of the complicated Persian and Arabic vocabulary used in everyday terms.
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| [[Dakhini]] (also known as Dakani, Deccani, Desia, Mirgan) is spoken around [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and other parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It has fewer Persian and Arabic words than standard Urdu. Dakhini is widely spoken in all parts of [[Karnatka]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Urdu is read and written as in other parts of India. A number of daily newspapers and several monthly magazines in Urdu are published in these states.
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| In addition, [[Rekhta]] (or Rekhti), the language of Urdu poetry, is sometimes counted as a separate dialect.
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| == Grammar ==
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| {{main|Hindi-Urdu grammar}}
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| == Phonology ==
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| {{Main|Hindi-Urdu phonology}}
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| {|
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| :{|class="wikitable" border="2"
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| !
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| ! colspan="2" | [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
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| ! colspan="2" | [[Labiodental consonant|Labio-dental]]
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| ! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
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| ! colspan="2" | [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
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| ! colspan="2" | [[Post-alveolar|Post-alv.]]/</br>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
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| ! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
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| ! colspan="2" | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
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| ! colspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
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| |- align=center
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| ! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
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| | colspan="2" | {{IPA|m}}
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | colspan="2" | {{IPA|n}}
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | colspan="2" |
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| |- align=center
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| ! [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
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| | {{IPA|p<br>pʰ}}
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| | {{IPA|b<br>bʱ}}
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | {{IPA|t̪<br>t̪ʰ}}
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| | {{IPA|d̪<br>d̪ʱ}}
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| | {{IPA|ʈ<br>ʈʰ}}
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| | {{IPA|ɖ<br>ɖʱ}}
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | {{IPA|k<br>kʰ}}
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| | {{IPA|g<br>gʱ}}
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| | {{IPA|q}}
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| | colspan="2" |
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| |-align=center
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| ! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | {{IPA|tʃ<br>tʃʰ}}
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| | {{IPA|dʒ<br>dʒʱ}}
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | colspan="2" |
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| |- align=center
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| ! [[Fricative]]
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | {{IPA|f}}
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| | {{IPA|s}}
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| | {{IPA|z}}
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | {{IPA|ʃ}}
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| | {{IPA|x}}
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| | {{IPA|ɣ}}
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| | {{IPA|ɦ}}
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| |- align=center
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| ! [[Flap consonant|Tap or Flap]]
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɾ}}
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| | colspan="2" | {{IPA|(ɽ)<br>(ɽʱ)}}
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | colspan="2" |
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| |- align=center
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| ! [[Approximant]]
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | colspan="2" | {{IPA|ʋ}}
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| | colspan="2" |{{IPA|l}}
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | colspan="2" | {{IPA|j}}
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | colspan="2" |
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| |}
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| {|
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| |-
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| |+'''[[Vowel]]s'''
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| |}
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| |}
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| == Levels of formality in Urdu ==
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| Urdu in its less formalised [[register (linguistics)|register]] has been referred to as a ''[[rekhta]]'' (ریختہ, {{IPA|[reːxt̪aː]}}), meaning "rough mixture". The more formal register of Urdu is sometimes referred to as ''zabān-e-Urdu-e-mo'alla'' (زبانِ اردوِ معلہ, {{IPA|[zəba:n e: ʊrd̪uː eː moəllaː]}}), the "Language of Camp and Court".
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| The [[etymology]] of the word used in the Urdu language for the most part decides how polite or refined your speech is. For example, Urdu speakers would distinguish between پانی ''pānī'' and آب ''āb'', both meaning "water" for example, or between آدمی ''ādmi'' and مرد ''mard'', meaning "man". The former in each set is used colloquially and has older [[Hindustani]] origins, while the latter is used formally and poetically, being of [[Persian language|Persian]] origin.
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| If a word is of [[Persian language|Persian]] or [[Arabic]] origin, the level of speech is considered to be more formal and grand. Similarly, if [[Persian language|Persian]] or [[Arabic]] grammar constructs, such as the [[izafat]], are used in Urdu, the level of speech is also considered more formal and grand. If a word is inherited from [[Sanskrit]], the level of speech is considered more colloquial and personal.
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| That distinction has likenesses with the division between words from a French or Old English origin while speaking English.
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| === Politeness ===
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| Urdu is supposed to be a subtle and polished language; a host of words are used in it to show respect and politeness. This emphasis on politeness, which is reflected in the vocabulary, is known as '''aadaab''' and to some extent as '''takalluf''' in Urdu. These words are generally used when addressing elders, or people with whom one is not acquainted. For example, the English pronoun 'you' can be translated into three words in Urdu the singular forms ''tu'' (informal, extremely intimate, or derogatory) and ''tum'' (informal and showing intimacy called "apna pun" in Urdu) and the plural form ''āp'' (formal and respectful). Similarly, verbs, for example, "come," can be translated with degrees of formality in three ways:
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| # '''آئے''' āiye/{{IPA|[aːɪje]}} or '''آئیں''' āe<sup>n</sup>/{{IPA|[aːẽː]}} (formal and respectful)
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| # '''آو''' āo/{{IPA|[aːo]}} (informal and intimate with less degree)
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| # '''آ''' ā/{{IPA|[aː]}} (extremely informal, intimate and potentially derogatory).
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| == Vocabulary ==
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| Urdu has a vocabulary rich in words with [[Languages of India|Indian]] and [[Middle Eastern]] origins. The borrowings are dominated by words from [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. There are also a small number of borrowings from [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and more recently [[English language|English]]. Many of the words of Arabic origin have different nuances of meaning and usage than they do in Arabic.
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| == Writing system ==
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| {{main|Urdu alphabet}}
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| {{further|[[Hindustani orthography]]}}
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| {{further|[[Uddin and Begum Urdu-Hindustani Romanization]]}}
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| Nowadays, Urdu is generally written right-to left in an extension of the [[Persian alphabet]], which is itself an extension of the [[Arabic alphabet]]. Urdu is associated with the ''[[Nasta'liq|Nasta’liq]]'' style of Arabic calligraphy, whereas [[Arabic language|Arabic]] is generally written in the modernized ''[[Naskh (script)|Naskh]]'' style. ''Nasta’liq'' is notoriously difficult to typeset, so Urdu newspapers were hand-written by masters of calligraphy, known as ''katib'' or ''khush-navees'', until the late 1980s.
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| Historically, Urdu was also written in the [[Kaithi]] script. A highly-Persianized and technical form of Urdu was the ''lingua franca'' of the law courts of the British administration in [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]], and the North-West Provinces & Oudh. Until the late 19th century, all proceedings and court transactions in this register of Urdu was written officially in the Persian script. In 1880, [[Ashley Eden|Sir Ashley Eden]], the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal abolished the use of the Persian alphabet in the law courts of [[Bengal]] and [[Bihar]] and ordered the exclusive use of [[Kaithi]], a popular script used for both Urdu and [[Hindi]]<ref>King, 1994.</ref> Kaithi's association with Urdu and [[Hindi]] was ultimately eliminated by the political contest between these languages and their scripts, in which the Persian script was definitively linked to Urdu.
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| More recently in India, Urdū speakers have adopted Devanagari for publishing Urdu periodicals and have innovated new strategies to mark Urdū in Devanagari as distinct from Hindi in Devanagari<ref>Ahmad, R., 2006.</ref> The popular Urdū monthly magazine, महकता आंचल (''Mahakta Anchal''), is published in Delhi in Devanagari in order to target the generation of Muslim boys and girls who do not know the Persian script. Such publishers have introduced new orthographic features into Devanagari for the purpose of representing Urdū sounds. One example is the use of अ (Devanagari ''a'') with vowel signs to mimic contexts of ع (''[[ayin|‘ain]]''). To Urdū publishers, the use of Devanagari gives them a greater audience, but helps them to preserve the distinct identity of Urdū when written in Devanagari.
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| The [[Daily Jang]] was the first Urdu newspaper to be typeset digitally in ''Nasta’liq'' by computer. There are efforts underway to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and the Internet. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals, and periodicals are composed on computers via various Urdu software programs.
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| A list of the Urdu alphabet and pronunciation is given below. Urdu contains many historical spellings from Arabic and Persian, and therefore has many irregularities. The Arabic letters ''yaa'' and ''haa'' are split into two in Urdu: one of the ''yaa'' variants is used at the ends of words for the sound [i], and one of the ''haa'' variants is used to indicate the [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] consonants. The [[retroflex consonant]]s needed to be added as well; this was accomplished by placing a superscript ط (''to'e'') above the corresponding [[dental consonant]]s. Several letters which represent distinct consonants in Arabic are conflated in Persian, and this has carried over to Urdu.
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| {|class="wikitable"
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| ! Letter !! Name of letter !! Phonemic representation (in [[help:IPA|IPA]])
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| | {{lang|ur|ا}} || ''alif'' || {{IPA|/ɪ/,/ʊ/,/ɘ/,/ɑ/}} depending on diacritical marks
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| | {{lang|ur|ب}} || ''be'' || {{IPA|/b/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|پ}} || ''pe'' || {{IPA|/p/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|ت}} || ''te'' || {{IPA|/t̪/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|ٹ}} || {{Unicode|''ṭe''}} || {{IPA|/ʈ/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|ث}} || ''se'' || {{IPA|/s/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|ج}} || ''jīm'' || {{IPA|/dʒ/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|چ}} || ''ce'' || {{IPA|/tʃ/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|ح}} || {{Unicode|''baṛī he''}} || {{IPA|/h/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|خ}} || ''khe'' || {{IPA|/x/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|د}} || ''dāl'' || dental {{IPA|/d̪/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|ڈ}} || {{Unicode|''ḍāl''}} || retroflex {{IPA|/ɖ/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|ذ}} || ''zāl'' || {{IPA|/z/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|ر}} || ''re'' || dental {{IPA|/rʃ/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|ڑ}} || {{Unicode|''ṛe''}} || retroflex {{IPA|/ɽ/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|ز}} || ''ze'' || {{IPA|/z/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|ژ}} || ''zhe'' || {{IPA|/ʒ/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|س}} || ''sīn'' || {{IPA|/s/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|ش}} || ''shīn'' || {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|ص}} || ''su'ād'' || {{IPA|/s/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|ض}} || ''zu'ād'' || {{IPA|/z/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|ط}} || ''to'e'' || {{IPA|/t/}} dental
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| | {{lang|ur|ظ}} || ''zo'e'' || {{IPA|/z/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|ع}} || ''‘ain'' || {{IPA|/ɑ/}} after a consonant; otherwise {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, or silent.
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| | {{lang|ur|غ}} || ''ghain'' || {{IPA|/ɣ/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|ف}} || ''fe'' || {{IPA|/f/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|ق}} || ''qāf'' || {{IPA|/q/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|ک}} || ''kāf'' || {{IPA|/k/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|گ}} || ''gāf'' || {{IPA|/g/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|ل}} || ''lām'' || {{IPA|/l/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|م}} || ''mīm'' || {{IPA|/m/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|ن}} || ''nūn'' || {{IPA|/n/}} or a [[nasal vowel]]
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| | {{lang|ur|و}} || ''vā'o'' || {{IPA|/v/, /u/, /ʊ/, /o/, /ow/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|ہ, ﮩ, ﮨ}} || {{Unicode|''choṭī he''}} || {{IPA|/ɑ/}} at the end of a word, otherwise {{IPA|/h/}} or silent
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| | {{lang|ur|ھ}} || ''do cashmī he'' || indicates that the preceding consonant is [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] ({{IPA|/pʰ/, /t̪ʰ/, /ʈʰ/, /tʃʰ/, /kʰ/}}) or [[breathy voice|murmured]] ({{IPA|/bʱ/, /d̪ʱ/, /ɖʱ/, /dʒʱ/, /gʱ/}}).
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| | {{lang|ur|ء}} || ''hamzah'' || {{IPA|/ʔ/}} or silent
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| | {{lang|ur|ی}} || {{Unicode|''choṭī ye''}} || {{IPA|/j/, /i/, /e/, /ɛ/}}
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| | {{lang|ur|ے}} || {{Unicode|''baṛī ye''}} || {{IPA|/eː/}}
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| |}
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| === Transliteration ===
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| Urdu is occasionally also written in the Roman script. [[Roman Urdu]] has been used since the days of the [[British Raj]], partly as a result of the availability and low cost of Roman [[movable type]] for printing presses. The use of Roman Urdu was common in contexts such as product labels. Today it is regaining popularity among users of text-messaging and Internet services and is developing its own style and conventions. [[Habib R. Sulemani]] says, ''"The younger generation of Urdu-speaking people around the world are using Romanised Urdu on the Internet and it has become essential for them, because they use the Internet and English is its language. A person from Islamabad chats with another in Delhi on the Internet only in Roman Urdū. They both speak the same language but with different scripts. Moreover, the younger generation of those who are from the English medium schools or settled in the west, can speak Urdu but can’t write it in the traditional Arabic script and thus Roman Urdu is a blessing for such a population."''<ref>[http://mailgate.dada.net/soc/soc.culture.punjab/msg21165.html The News, Karachi, Pakistan: Roman Urdu by Habib R Sulemani]</ref>
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| Roman Urdū also holds significance among the Christians of [[North India]]. Urdū was the dominant native language among Christians of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan in the early part of 1900s and is still used by some people in these Indian states. Indian Christians often used the Roman script for writing Urdū. Thus Roman Urdū was a common way of writing among Indian Christians in these states up to the 1960s. The Bible Society of India publishes Roman Urdū Bibles which enjoyed sale late into the 1960s (though they are still published today). Church songbooks are also common in Roman Urdū. However, the usage of Roman Urdū is declining with the wider use of Hindi and English in these states. The major [[Hindi-Urdu]] [[South Asian cinema|South Asian film industries]], [[Bollywood]] and [[Lollywood]], are also noteworthy for their use of Roman Urdū for their movie titles.
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| Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into Roman letters omit many [[phoneme|phonemic]] elements that have no equivalent in English or other languages commonly written in the [[Latin alphabet]]. It should be noted that a comprehensive system has emerged with specific notations to signify non-English sounds, but it can only be properly read by someone already familiar with Urdu, Persian, or Arabic for letters such as:{{lang|ur|ژ خ غ ط ص}} or {{lang|ur|ق}} and [[Hindi]] for letters such as {{lang|ur|ڑ}}. This script may be found on the Internet, and it allows people who understand the language but without knowledge of their written forms to communicate with each other.
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| == Examples ==
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| {| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%"
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| ! English
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| ! Urdu
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| ! Transliteration
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| ! Notes
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| | Hello
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| | السلام علیکم
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| | {{IPA|assalāmu ‘alaikum}}
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| | ''lit.'' "Peace be upon you." (from Arabic)
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| | Hello
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| | و علیکم السلام
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| | {{IPA|vālikum assalām}}
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| | ''lit.'' "And upon you, peace." Response to {{IPA|assalāmu ‘alaikum}} (from Arabic)
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| | Hello
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| | (آداب (عرض ہے
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| | {{IPA|ādāb (arz hai)}}
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| | ''lit.'' "Regards (are expressed)", a very formal [[secular]] greeting
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| | Good Bye
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| | خدا حافظ
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| | {{IPA|khudā hāfiz}}
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| | ''lit.'' "May God be your Guardian" (from Persian). Standard and commonly used by Muslims and non-Muslims, or ''al vida'' formally spoken all over
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| | yes
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| | ہاں
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| | {{IPA|hā<sup>n</sup>}}
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| | casual
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| | yes
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| | جی
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| | {{IPA|jī}}
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| | formal
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| | yes
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| | جی ہاں
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| | {{IPA|jī hā<sup>n</sup>}}
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| | confident formal
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| | no
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| | نا
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| | {{IPA|nā}}
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| | casual
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| | no
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| | نہیں، جی نہیں
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| | {{IPA|nahī<sup>n</sup>, jī nahī<sup>n</sup>}}
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| | formal;jī nahī<sup>n</sup> is considered more formal
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| | please
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| | مہربانی
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| | {{IPA|meharbānī}}
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| | thank you
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| | شکریہ
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| | {{IPA|shukrīā}}
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| | Please come in
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| | تشریف لائیے
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| | {{IPA|tashrīf laīe}}
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| | ''lit.'' "Bring your honour"
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| | Please have a seat
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| | تشریف رکھیئے
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| | {{IPA|tashrīf rakhīe}}
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| | ''lit.'' "Place your honour"
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| | I am happy to meet you
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| | اپ سے مل کر خوشی ہوئی
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| | {{IPA|āp se mil kar khushī hūye}}
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| | ''lit.'' "Having met you happiness happened"
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| | Do you speak English?
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| | کیا اپ انگریزی بولتے ہیں؟
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| | {{IPA|kya āp angrezī bolte hai<sup>n</sup>?}}
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| | ''lit.'' "Do you speak English?"
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| | I do not speak Urdu.
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| | میں اردو نہیں بولتا/بولتی
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| | {{IPA|mai<sup>n</sup> urdū nahī<sup>n</sup> boltā/boltī}}
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| | ''boltā'' is masculine, ''boltī'' is feminine
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| | My name is ...
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| | میرا نام ۔۔۔ ہے
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| | {{IPA|merā nām .... hai}}
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| | Which way to [[Lahore]]?
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| | لاھور کس طرف ہے؟
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| | {{IPA|lāhaur kis taraf hai?}}
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| | Where is [[Lucknow]]?
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| | لکھنئو کہاں ہے؟
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| | {{IPA|lakhnau kahā<sup>n</sup> hai}}
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| | Urdu is a good language.
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| | اردو اچھی زبان ہے
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| | {{IPA|urdū achchhī zabān hai}}
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| |}
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| === Sample text ===
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| {{seealso|Hindi#Sample_Text}}
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| The following is a sample text in {{IPA|zabān-e urdū-e muʻallā}} (formal Urdu), of the Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (by the [[United Nations]]):
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| ====Urdu text====
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| :'''دفعہ 1:''' تمام انسان آزاد اور حقوق و عزت کے اعتبار سے برابر پیدا ہوۓ ہیں۔ انہیں ضمیر اور عقل ودیعت ہوئی ہی۔ اسلۓ انہیں ایک دوسرے کے ساتھ بھائی چارے کا سلوک کرنا چاہیۓ۔
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| ====Transliteration ([[Library of Congress|ALA-LC]])====
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| :{{IPA|'''Dafʻah 1:''' Tamām insān āzād aur ḥuqūq o ʻizzat ke iʻtibār se barābar paidā hu’e heṇ. Unheṇ zamīr aur ʻaql wadīʻat hu’ī he. Isli’e unheṇ ek dūsre ke sāth bhā’ī chāre kā sulūk karnā chāhi’e}}.
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| ====[[IPA]] Transcription====
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| :{{IPA|'''d̪əfa ek:''' t̪əmam ɪnsan azad̪ ɔɾ hʊquq o ʔizət̪ ke ɪʔt̪ɪbaɾ se bəɾabəɾ pɛda hʊe hẽ. ʊn<sup>ɦ</sup>ẽ zəmiɾ ɔɾ ʔəqəl ʋədiət̪ hʊi he. ɪslɪe ʊn<sup>ɦ</sup>ẽ ek d̪usɾe ke sat̪ʰ b<sup>ɦ</sup>ai tʃaɾe ka sʊluk kəɾna tʃahɪe}}.
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| ====Gloss (word-for-word)====
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| :'''Article 1:''' All humans free[,] and rights and dignity *('s) consideration from equal born are. To them conscience and intellect endowed is. Therefore, they one another *('s) brotherhood *('s) treatment do must.
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| ====Translation (grammatical)====
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| :'''Article 1:''' All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience. Therefore, they should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
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| '''Note:''' ''*('s) represents a possessive case which when written is preceded by the possessor and followed by the possessed, unlike the English 'of'.''
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| == Literature ==
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| Urdu has only become a literary language in recent centuries, as Persian and Arabic were formerly the idioms of choice for "elevated" subjects. However, despite its late development, Urdu literature boasts some world-recognised artists and a considerable corpus.
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| === Prose ===
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| ====Religious====
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| Urdu holds the largest collection of works on Islamic literature and [[Sharia]] after Arabic and Persian. These include translations and interpretation of [[Qur'an]], commentary on ''Hadith'', ''Fiqh'', [[history]], [[spirituality]], [[Sufism]] and [[metaphysics]]. A great number of classical texts from [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]], have also been translated into Urdu. Relatively inexpensive publishing, combined with the use of Urdu as a [[lingua franca]] among Muslims of [[South Asia]], has meant that Islam-related works in Urdu far outnumber such works in any other South Asian language. Popular Islamic books, originally written in Urdu, include [[Qasas-ul-Anbia]], [[Fazail-e-Amal]], [[Bahishti Zewar]] the [[Bahar-e-Shariat]].
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| ====Literary====
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| Secular prose includes all categories of widely known fiction and non-fiction work, separable into genres.
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| The ''dāstān'', or tale, a traditional story which may have many characters and complex plotting. This has now fallen into disuse.
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| The ''afsāna'', or [[short story]], probably the best-known genre of Urdu fiction. The best-known ''afsāna'' writers, or ''afsāna nigār'', in Urdu are [[Saadat Hasan Manto]], [[Qurratulain Hyder]] (Qurat-ul-Ain Haider), [[Munshi Premchand]], [[Ismat Chughtai]], [[Krishan Chander]], [[Ghulam Abbas]], [[Banu Qudsia]] and [[Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi]]. Munshi Premchand, became known as a pioneer in the ''afsāna'', though some contend that his were not technically the first as Sir Ross Masood had already written many short stories in Urdu.
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| [[Novel]]s form a genre of their own, in the tradition of the English novel.
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| Other genres include ''saférnāma'' (travel story), ''mazmoon'' (essay), ''sarguzisht''(account/narrative), ''inshaeya''(satirical essay), ''murasela''(editorial), and ''khud navvisht'' (autobiography).
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| === Poetry ===
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| {{main|Urdu poetry}}
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| Urdu has been the premier language of poetry in South Asia for two centuries, and has developed a rich tradition in a variety of poetic genres. The 'Ghazal' in Urdu represents the most popular form of subjective poetry, while the '[[Nazm]]' exemplifies the objective kind, often reserved for narrative, descriptive, didactic or satirical purposes. Under the broad head of the Nazm we may also include the classical forms of poems known by specific names such as '[[Masnavi]]' (a long narrative poem in rhyming couplets on any theme: romantic, religious, or didactic), '[[Marsia]]' (an elegy traditionally meant to commemorate the martyrdom of Hazrat [[Imam Hussain]] Alla hiss salam, grandson of Prophet Muhammad Sal lal laho allaha wa allahe wa sallam, and his comrades of the [[Karbala]] fame), or 'Qasida' (a panegyric written in praise of a king or a nobleman), for all these poems have a single presiding subject, logically developed and concluded. However, these poetic species have an old world aura about their subject and style, and are different from the modern Nazm, supposed to have come into vogue in the later part of the nineteenth century.
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| Urdu poetry forms itself with following basic ingredients:
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| *'''[[Shayari|Bait]]'''
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| *'''[[Shayari|Bait-ul-Ghazal]]'''
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| *'''[[Beher (poetry)|Beher]]'''
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| *'''[[Diwan (poetry)|Diwan]]''' (دیوان)
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| *'''[[Shayari|Husn-E-Matla]]'''
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| *'''[[Kalam (poetry)|Kalam]]''' (کلام)
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| *'''[[Kulyat]]''' (کلیات)
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| *'''[[Maqta]]'''
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| *'''[[Matla]]'''
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| *'''[[Mavra (poetry)|Mavra]]'''
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| *'''[[Shayari|Misra]]'''
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| *'''[[Mushaira]]'''
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| *'''[[Qaafiyaa]]
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| *'''[[Radif]]'''
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| *'''[[Shayari|Sher]]'''
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| *'''[[Shayar (poet)|Shayar]]'''
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| *'''[[Shayari]]'''
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| *'''[[Shayari|Tah-Tul-Lafz]]'''
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| *'''[[Takhallus]]'''
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| *'''[[Shayari|Tarannum]]'''
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| *'''[[Triveni (poetry)|Triveni]]'''
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| The major genres of poetry found in Urdu are:
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| * ''[[Doha (poetry)|Doha]]'' (دوہا)
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| * ''[[Shayari|Fard]]''
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| * ''[[Shayari|Geet]]'' (گیت)
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| * ''[[Ghazal]]'' (غزل), as practiced by many poets in the Arab tradition. [[Mir Taqi Mir|Mir]], [[Ghalib]], [[Dagh]] and [[Faiz]] are well-known composers of ''ghazal''.
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| * ''[[Hamd]]'' (حمد)
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| * ''[[Shayari|Hazal]]''
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| * ''[[Shayari|Hijv]]''
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| * ''[[Kafi]]''
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| * ''[[Shayari|Madah]]''
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| * ''[[Manqabat]] ''
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| * ''[[Marsia]]'' (مرثیہ)
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| * ''[[Masnavi]]'' (مثنوی)
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| * ''[[Shayari|Munajat]]''
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| * ''[[Musaddas]]'' (مسدس)
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| * ''[[Mukhammas]]''
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| * ''[[Naat]]'' (نعت)
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| * ''[[Nazm]]'' (نظم)
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| * ''[[Noha]]'' (نوحہ)
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| * ''[[Qasida]]'' (قصیدہ)
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| * ''[[Shayari|Qat'ã]]'' (قطعہ)
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| * ''[[Qawwali]]''
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| * ''[[Rubai]]'' (a.k.a. Rubayyat or Rubaiyat) (رباعیات)
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| * ''[[Salam]]''
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| * ''[[Sehra]]'' (سہرا)
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| * ''[[Shayari|Shehr a'ashob]]''
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| * ''[[Soz]]'' (سوز)
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| * ''[[Shayari|Wasokht]]''
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| Foreign forms such as the [[sonnet]], '''azad nazm''' or([[Free verse]]) and [[haiku]] have also been used by some modern Urdu poets.
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| Probably the most widely recited, and memorised genre of contemporary Urdu poetry is ''[[naat|nāt]]''—panegyric poetry written in praise of the Prophet [[Muhammad]] Sal lal laho allaha wa allahe wa sallam. ''Nāt'' can be of any formal category, but is most commonly in the ''ghazal'' form. The language used in Urdu ''nāt'' ranges from the intensely colloquial to a highly Persianised formal language. The great early twentieth century scholar Imam [[Ahmad Raza Khan]], who wrote many of the most well known ''nāts'' in Urdu, epitomised this range in a ''ghazal'' of nine stanzas (''bayt'') in which every stanza contains half a line each of Arabic, Persian, formal Urdu, and colloquial Hindi. The same poet composed a ''salām''—a poem of greeting to the Prophet Muhammad Sal lal laho allaha wa allahe wa sallam, derived from the unorthodox practice of ''qiyam'', or standing, during the ''[[mawlid]]'', or celebration of the birth of the Prophet—''Mustafā Jān-e Rahmat'', which, due to being recited on Fridays in some Urdu speaking mosques throughout the world, is probably the more frequently recited Urdu poems of the modern era.
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| Another important genre of Urdu prose are the poems commemorating the martyrdom of [[Imam Hussain]] Allah hiss salam and [[Battle of Karbala]], called ''[[noha]]'' (نوحہ) and ''[[marsia]]''. '''[[Anees]]''' and '''[[Dabeer]]''' are famous in this regard.
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| Indian film industry has long history of Urdu Poetry in the songs, in fact, popularity and succsess is some time song dependant. The quality of language and expression is much higher than Hindi language.
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| ==== Urdu poetry terminology ====
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| '''Ash'ār''' (اشعار) (Couplet). It consists of two lines, [[Misra (Urdu)|Misra]] (مصرعہ); first line is called ''Misra-e-oola'' (مصرع اولی) and the second is called 'Misra-e-sānī' (مصرعہ ثانی). Each verse embodies a single thought or subject (sing) [[She'r]] (شعر).
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| ====Urdu poetry example====
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| As in [[Ghalib]]'s famous couplet where he compares himself to his great predecessor, the master poet [[Mir Taqi Mir|''Mir'']]:<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ghalib/036/36_11.html?urdu Columbia University: Ghazal 36, Verse 11]</ref>
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| <div style="direction: rtl;">
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| {{Unicode|ریختا کے تم ہی استاد نہیں ہو غالب}}<BR>
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| {{Unicode|کہتے ہیں اگلے زمانے میں کوئی میر بھی تھا}}
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| </div>
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| =====Transliteration=====
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| :''Rekhta ke tumhi<sup>n</sup> ustād nahī<sup>n</sup> ho Ghālib''
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| :''Kahte hai<sup>n</sup> agle zamāne mei<sup>n</sup> ko'ī Mīr bhī thā''
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| =====Translation=====
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| :You are not the only master of poetry O'Ghalib,
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| :They say, in the past; was also someone Mir
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| == History ==
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| {{main|History of Urdu}}
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| Urdu developed as local Indo-Aryan dialects came under the influence of the Muslim courts that ruled South Asia from the early thirteenth century. The official language of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], the [[Mughal Empire]], and their successor states, as well as the cultured language of poetry and literature, was [[Persian language|Persian]], while the language of religion was [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. Most of the [[Sultan]]s and nobility in the Sultanate period were Persianised Turks from [[Central Asia]] who spoke [[Chagatai language|Turkic]] as their mother tongue. The [[Mughal]]s were also from Persianized Central Asia, but spoke Turkish as their first language; however the Mughals later adopted Persian. Persian became the preferred language of the Muslim elite of north India before the Mughals entered the scene. Babur's mother tongue was Turkish and he wrote exclusively in Turkish. His son and successor Humayun also spoke and wrote in Turkish. Muzaffar Alam, a noted scholar of Mughal and Indo-Persian history, suggests that Persian became the ''lingua franca'' of the empire under Akbar for various political and social factors due to its non-sectarian and fluid nature.<ref>Alam, Muzaffar. "The Pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics." In ''Modern Asian Studies'', vol. 32, no. 2. (May, 1998), pp. 317–349.</ref> The mingling of these languages led to a [[vernacular]] that is the ancestor of today's Urdu. Dialects of this vernacular are spoken today in cities and villages throughout [[Pakistan]] and northern [[India]]. Cities with a particularly strong tradition of Urdu include [[Delhi]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lucknow]] and [[Lahore]].
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| === The name ''Urdu'' ===
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| The term Urdu came into use when [[Shah Jahan]] built the [[Red Fort]] in Delhi. The word ''Urdu'' itself comes from a [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] word ''ordu'', "tent" or "army", from which English also gets the word "[[horde]]". Hence Urdu is sometimes called "Lashkarī zabān" or the language of the army. Furthermore, armies of India often contained soldiers with various native tongues. Hence, Urdu was the chosen language to address the soldiers as it abridged several languages.
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| Wherever Muslim soldiers and officials settled, they carried Urdu with them. Urdu enjoyed commanding status in the literary courts of late Muslim rulers and [[Nawab]]s, and flourished under their patronage, partially displacing [[Persian language|Persian]] as the language of elite in the then Indian society.
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| Urdu continued as one of many languages in Northwest India. In 1947, Urdu was established as the national language of Pakistan in the hope that this move would unite and homogenise the various ethnic groups of the new nation. Urdu suddenly went from a language of a minority to the language of the majority. It also became the official language of some of the various [[List of Indian state and union territory capitals|states of India]]. Today, Urdu is taught throughout Pakistani schools and spoken in government positions, and it is also common in much of Northern India. Urdu's sister language, Hindi, is the official language of India.
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| == Urdu and Hindi ==
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| Because of their identical grammar and nearly identical core vocabularies, most linguists do not distinguish between Hindi and Urdu as separate languages—at least not in reference to the informal spoken registers. For them, ordinary informal Urdu and Hindi can be seen as variants of the same language ([[Hindustani]]) with the difference being that Urdu is supplemented with a Perso-Arabic vocabulary and Hindi a Sanskritic vocabulary. Additionally, there is the convention of Urdu being written in Perso-Arabic script, and Hindi in Devanagari. The standard, "proper" grammars of both languages are based on [[Khariboli]] grammar — the dialect of the Delhi region. So, with respect to grammar, the languages are mutually intelligible when spoken, and can be thought of two written variants the same language.
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| Hindustani is the name often given to this language as it developed over hundreds of years throughout India (which formerly included what is now Pakistan). In the same way that the core vocabulary of English evolved from Old English (Anglo-Saxon) but includes a large number of words borrowed from French and other languages (whose pronunciations often changed naturally so as to become easier for speakers of English to pronounce), what may be called [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] can be said to have evolved from Sanskrit while borrowing many Persian and Arabic words over the years, and changing the pronunciations (and often even the meanings) of those words to make them easier for Hindustani speakers to pronounce. Therefore, Hindustani is the language as it evolved organically.
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| Linguistically speaking, Standard Hindi is a form of colloquial [[Hindustani]], with lesser use of Persian and Arabic loanwords, while inheriting its formal vocabulary from Sanskrit; Standard Urdu is also a form of Hindustani, de-Sanskritised, with its a significant part of formal vocabulary consisting of loanwords from Persian and Arabic. The difference, thus is in the vocabulary, and not the structure of the language.
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| The difference is also sociolinguistic: When people speak Hindustani (i.e., when they are speaking colloquially) speakers who are Muslims will usually say that they are speaking Urdu, and those who are Hindus will typically say that they are speaking Hindi, even though they are speaking essentially the same language.
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| The two standardised registers of Hindustani — Hindi and Urdu — have become so entrenched as separate languages that often nationalists, both [[Muslim]] and [[Hindu]], claim that Hindi and Urdu have always been separate languages. However, there are unifying forces. For example, it is said that Indian [[Bollywood]] films are made in "Hindi", but the language used in most of them is almost the same as that of Urdu speakers. The dialogue is frequently developed in English and later translated to an intentionally neutral Hindustani which can be easily understood by speakers of most North Indian languages, both in India and in Pakistan.
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| Also see [[Hindi]].
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| == Urdu and Bollywood ==
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| The Indian film industry based in [[Mumbai]] is often called [[Bollywood]] (بالی وڈ). The language used in Bollywood movies uses a vocabulary that could be understood by Urdu and Hindi speakers alike. The film industry wants to reach the largest possible audience, and it cannot do that if the vocabulary is too one-sidedly Sanskritized or Persianized. This rule is broken only for song lyrics, which use elevated, poetic language. Often, this means using poetic Urdu words (of Arabic and Persian origin) or poetic Hindi words (of Sanskrit origin). A few films, like [[Jodha Akbar]], [[Umrao Jaan]], [[Pakeezah]], [[Heer Raanjha]] and [[Mughal-e-azam]], have used vocabulary that leans more towards Urdu, as they depict places and times when Urdu would have been used.<ref>[http://www.uiowa.edu/~incinema/Hindinote.html Hindi? Urdu? Hindustani? Hindi-Urdu?]</ref>. Hindi movies that are based on Hindu stories always use Sanskritized Hindi.
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| From the 1950s through the 1970s, Bollywood films displayed the name of the film in Hindi, Urdu, and Roman scripts. Most Bollywood films today present film titles in the [[Roman alphabet]] along with the Devanagari script, however sometimes Nasta`liq scripts are used as well.
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| ==Dakkhini Urdu==
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| Dakkhini Urdu is a dialect of the Urdu language spoken in the Deccan region of southern India. It is distinct by its mixture of vocabulary from Marathi and Telugu, as well as some vocabulary from Arabic, Persian and Turkish that are not found in the standard dialect of Urdu. In terms of pronunciation, the easiest way to recognize a native speaker is their pronunciation of the letter "qāf" (ﻕ) as "kh" (ﺥ). The majority of people who speak this language are from [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad (India)|Hyderabad]], [[Mysore]] and parts of [[Chennai]]. Dakkhin Urdu mainly spoken by the [[Muslims]] living in these areas can also be divided into 2 dialects, North Dakkhini spoken in a wide range from South [[Maharashtra]], [[Gulbarga]] and mainly [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] while the South Dakkhini is spoken along Central [[Karnataka]], [[Bangalore]], North [[Tamil Nadu]] extending uptil [[Chennai]] and Nellore in [[Andhra Pradesh]].
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| Also see: [[Dakkhini]]
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| == Footnotes ==
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| {{reflist}}
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| == Dictionaries ==
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| * [http://www.ijunoon.com/urdudic/ Urdu Dictionary] English to Urdu Dictionary
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| * [http://www.ijunoon.com/urdudic/urdu.asp Urdu to English Dictionary] Urdu to English Dictionary
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| == References ==
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| * Ahmad, Rizwan. 2006. "Voices people write: Examining Urdu in Devanagari". http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/NWAV/Abstracts/Papr172.pdf
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| * Alam, Muzaffar. 1998. "The Pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics." In ''Modern Asian Studies'', vol. 32, no. 2. (May, 1998), pp. 317–349.
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| * Asher, R. E. (Ed.). 1994. ''The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics''. Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-035943-4.
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| * Azad, Muhammad Husain. 2001 [1907]. ''Ab-e hayat'' (Lahore: Naval Kishor Gais Printing Works) 1907 [in Urdu]; (Delhi: Oxford University Press) 2001. [In English translation]
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| * Azim, Anwar. 1975. Urdu a victim of cultural genocide. In Z. Imam (Ed.), ''Muslims in India'' (p. 259).
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| *Bhatia, Tej K. 1996. ''Colloquial Hindi: The Complete Course for Beginners''. London, UK & New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-11087-4 (Book), 0415110882 (Cassettes), 0415110890 (Book & Cassette Course)
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| *Bhatia, Tej K. and Koul Ashok. 2000. "Colloquial Urdu: The Complete Course for Beginners." London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-13540-0 (Book); ISBN 0-415-13541-9 (cassette); ISBN 0-415-13542-7 (book and casseettes course)
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| * Chatterji, Suniti K. 1960. ''Indo-Aryan and Hindi'' (rev. 2nd ed.). Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay.
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| * Dua, Hans R. 1992. "Hindi-Urdu as a pluricentric language". In M. G. Clyne (Ed.), ''Pluricentric languages: Differing norms in different nations''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-012855-1.
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| * Dua, Hans R. 1994a. Hindustani. In Asher, 1994; pp. 1554.
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| * Dua, Hans R. 1994b. Urdu. In Asher, 1994; pp. 4863–4864.
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| * Hassan, Nazir and Omkar N. Koul 1980. ''Urdu Phonetic Reader''. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.
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| * Kelkar, A. R. 1968. ''Studies in Hindi-Urdu: Introduction and word phonology. Poona: Deccan College.
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| * Khan, M. H. 1969. Urdu. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), ''Current trends in linguistics'' (Vol. 5). The Hague: Mouton.
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| * King, Christopher R. 1994. ''One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India''. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
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| * Koul, Omkar N. 1994. ''Hindi Phonetic Reader''. Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies.
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| * Narang, G. C. and D. A. Becker. 1971. Aspiration and nasalization in the generative phonology of Hindi-Urdu. ''Language'', ''47'', 646–767.
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| * Ohala, M. 1972. Topics in Hindi-Urdu phonology. (PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles).
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| * [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ghalib/index.html?urdu "A Desertful of Roses"], a site about Ghalib's Urdu ghazals by Dr. Frances W. Pritchett, Professor of Modern Indic Languages at Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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| * Phukan, S. 2000. The Rustic Beloved: Ecology of Hindi in a Persianate World, The Annual of Urdu Studies, vol 15, issue 5, pp. 1–30
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| *Rahim, Rizwana. Urdu in India, 3-part review:
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| **http://www.pakistanlink.com/Opinion/2005/Sep05/30/02.HTM
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| [http://www.manaz.150m.com Urdu News web colaction by Maifnaz]
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| * Rai, Amrit. 1984. ''A house divided: The origin and development of Hindi-Hindustani''. Delhi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-561643-X.
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| *Snell, Rupert ''Teach yourself Hindi: A complete guide for beginners.'' Lincolnwood, IL: NTC
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| *URDU Poetry by an Eminent Poet from INDIA - [http://www.geocities.com/BarqKadapavi Barq Kadapavi]
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| ==See also==
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| <!-- alphabetically arranged -->
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| *[[Ghazal]]
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| *[[Languages of India]]
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| *[[Languages of Pakistan]]
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| *[[List of Urdu poets]]
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| *[[List of Urdu writers]]
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| *[[Persian and Urdu]]
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| *[[Uddin and Begum Urdu-Hindustani Romanization]]
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| *[[Urdu Digest]]
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| *[[Urdu Informatics]]
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| *[[Urdu keyboard]]
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| *[[Urdu literature]]
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| *[[Urdu poetry]]
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| *[[Urdu phonology]]
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| *[[Badshah Munir Bukhari]]
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| * To write in urdu Click http://www.minhajspain.org/atiq
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| * http://www.minhajspain.org/atiq اردو میں لکھنے کے لئے کلک کریں
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| == External links ==
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| * [http://search.dmoz.org/cgi-bin/search?search=Urdu Urdu] on the [[Open Directory Project]]
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| * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/other/guide/urdu/ A Guide to Urdu], [[BBC]]
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| * [http://www.nla.gov.pk/ National Language Authority], Pakistan
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