Spelling pronunciation

Spelling pronunciation occurs when a speaker pronounces a word in such a way as to reflect its spelling as closely as possible, in the assumption that to do so must be correct.

In English

• The accents show stress and pronunciation (see English spellings): A: sát, mâde, pàrk, cāst (cást/càst), åll, ãir; E: ére, êar, vèin, fërn; I: sít, mîne, skì, bïrd; O: sóng, môde, lòve, wörd, ŏr; OO: moôn, foòt; U: sún, mûse, fùll, pürr; W: neŵ, ẁant; Y: gým, mŷ, keỳ, mÿrrh.

Spelling pronunciation is an ongoing phenomenon in English and results from increasing literacy. Often it is a matter of sounding a consonant that has traditionally been silent:

• the t in óften
• the l in sálmon
• both rs in lîbrary [1] or Fébruary (*Fébuary?—should it end exactly like Jánuary?)

In the case of sálmon, sounding the l is a rare quirk, but there are important cases of spelling pronunciation that constitute recognised differences between British and American English, a notable example being the suffix -ary, as in díctionary, which has a silent a in British, *dícshnry, but is pronounced -ãry, like -érry, in American, *dícshənérry.

There is also the matter of pronouncing a foreign word as a native speaker would. This usually involves names (place names: it is a courtesy to pronounce personal names as accurately as is reasonable in a foreign language). Broadcasters such as the BBC and Al Jazeera, especially in their news bulletins, are particularly prone to this kind—understandably, as such journalists are in frequent contact with native speakers, or are native speakers themselves. A typical example is the sounding of the h before r in Bahrâin, Tehràn and Tahrìr. Indeed it might be argued that this is an accepted alternative, even though in standard English the h sound does not traditionally occur before the r one; time will tell. It is certainly common to pronounce the h before the m in personal names like Àhmed and Mahmoôd.

Depalatalisation

Much spelling pronunciation concerns depalatalisation, usually that of s, c or t when followed by i or u as an 's' sound where a 'sh' is normal. A classic example is a word beloved of broadcasters, íssue: should it be pronounced *íssyûe (IPA /'ɪsju/) or palatalised as *íshûe (IPA /'ɪʃu/)? Clearly, the unpalatalised version *íssyûe reflects the spelling and is of greater antiquity, but is has long been the norm to say *íshûe. Even so, *íssyûe has never quite gone away, and may even be undergoing a revival, as some perceive that it is preferable to resist the urge to palatalise to the 'sh' sound. The same can sometimes be heard with tíssue, and there is no palatalisation in assûme and consûme: both always have -syûme: a -shûme pronunciation would sound comically uneducated. But foreigners should learn to palatalise words that normally have this pronunciation, if they are not to sound mannered. Nobody says *insyûrence for insûrance; indeed it most often sounds like *inshŏrance (British) or *inshûrance (American).

And sûre itself retains its palatalisation: AmE *shûre, BrE sůre certain = shŏre sea: it does not sound like seŵer. spêcies however has been showing signs of returning from *spêeshíz to *spêessíz or *spêessêez. Meanwhile, Cambôdia, ‘Cambodge’ in French, was for a time in the 1990s Kampuchêa in English: we can see that the -dia represents a palatalisation to a 'j' sound that has since been lost in English, and that the K- spelling was a forlorn attempt to restore it in the form of a 'ch'.

Other words not normally palatalised are: assûme, dûe, ensûe, euthanâsia (-zìə), Galícìa (see below), Parísìan (-zì-), presûme (-zyûme), pursûe, redûce and other words in -dûce, sûicide, sûit (cf. shoôt), synaesthêsia (though anasthaêsia might be), Tunísìa (BrE *Cheŵ-níziə, AmE *Tunìzhə) and Valéncia.

Other normally palatalised words are: amnêsia (-zhə), apprêciâte, Âsia, assôciate, atrôcious, caucâsian and other words in -sian (-zhn), Chrístian (*Kríshchən) and other words in -tian (-shn), Indonêsia, milítia, negôtiate, Patrícia, Përsian, pléasure (-zh-), précious and other words in -cious, préssure (-sh-) and other words in -sure, sôciology, sôldier, substántial, Croâtia (Crô-, and other words in -tia), vísion and other words in -sion (-zhn), vítiate, volítion and other words in -tion (-shn).

Ending -ies lengthening from -íz to -êez

This is the most recent major pronunciation change. From around the beginning of the twenty-first century, perhaps influenced by the spelling pronunciation of some foreign learners, there has been a very strong tendency to lengthen the vowel sound in the endings -ies and -ied: cárriês instead of *cárríz, bâbiês instead of bâbíz. In other words the sound of ís has been replaced by that of êase. Apart from plural monosyllables like bêes, the -êez sound had traditionally been used only for the plural of words from Greek ending in -is: crîsis, plural crîsês (*crîsêez); but the change means that it can now be heard in the plurals of words ending in -y as well, such as pàrties:

20th C	21st C
pàrtíes (*pàrtíz)	pàrtìês (*pàrtêez)
fámilíes (*fámilíz)	fámilìês (*fámilêez)
he’s (*híz)	hê’s (*hêez)
she’s (*shíz)	shê’s (*shêez)

and even in possessives like Türkey's. This appears to be the continuation of a change, as we can hear in films from the mid-twentieth century how the -y ending too was once pronounced í. The new change could be considered unfortunate for learners, as it reduces the distinction between spoken singular and plural to just the z sound (written s).

Sometimes Dâvies can be heard with this pronunciation (often in American English), instead of being homophonous with Dâvis. The tendency has been slower to spread to the past tense of verbs ending in -y: accòmpaníed becoming accòmpanìêd; míschíef can also be heard with the spelling pronunciation, and one can also hear intéstíne pronounced like Chrístìne.

Other English spelling pronunciations

These are arranged alphabetically:

• The strong form of the indefinite article a (in normal speech always the weak form, schwa, [ə]), pronounced like the letter's name, *ây, can be heard in self-conscious speech: to withstánd â fûture dròught.
• A regular pronunciation of âi in agâin and agâinst can sometimes be heard instead of *agén and *agénst. This is perhaps unfortunate, as it can be confused with a gâin: 'celebrating a gain' or 'celebrating again'?
• In Áscot, the o is normally a schwa, but some broadcasters are saying "Áscót".
• While it is normal to pronounce the n in autúmnal, because of the change of stress from åutumn (*åwtəm), one now sometimes hears also the n of cólumn (*cóllum) in cólumnist.
• An aspirated h in Bahrâin: it represents an Arabic sound, but traditionally just gives the àh sound in English, without being pronounced separately, as h is not normally sounded before r; see also Tehràn, below.
• Bàrclaý's (-clíz) as "Bàrclây's".
• For Cátalan many people say 'Cátalán', presumably under the impression it is more correct, though this does not happen with Itálian or Chílean.
• A Spanish-style Colómbia instead of Colòmbia (= Colúmbia British, trademark) as if there were any danger of confusion (also Colómbo for Colòmbo). Similarly, some affect a Spanish pronunciation of Chílê, which traditionally sounds exactly like chílly. There has also been a slight tendency to pronounce Chílean ‘Chilèan’, perhaps inspired by the Spanish version "Chileno".
• There are various pronunciations of Fébruary: in AmE *Fébûãry, like Jánûãry, and in BrE *Fébry or *Fébyəry, like *Jányəry. The spelling pronunciation pronounces both rs: AmE Fébrûãry, BrE *Fébrəry.
• If Galícian were as common as patrícian (*pətríshən), one would not hear *Gəlíssiən, let alone 'Gəlíthìən' (the latter after the European Spanish 'th' sound of the 'c'). Similarly, if Ossétia were not relatively new to most broadcasters, one would expect it to rhyme with Lucrêtia *Osêsha; as it is, one is tempted to misspell it 'Osettia'; the same applies to Ingushétia.
• When the name Hénry was imported from French Henri in the Middle Ages it had an Anglicized French pronunciation, roughly "Harry". From the 17th century this was largely replaced by the spelling pronunciation, though the old form survives in the name of the Queen's grandson. (Hárry is also a familiar shortening of Hárold.)
• The Soviet leader Nikìta Sergèyevich Khrùshchev was in his time always known as *Krùshchóff, to reflect the native pronunciation (as the spelling does the Russian spelling: Ники́та Серге́евич Хрущёв, [nʲɪˈkʲitə sʲɪrˈɡʲejɪvʲɪ̈t͡ɕ xrʊˈɕɕof]); today there is also a spelling pronunciation ending in -év.
• A regularised Kÿrgyz can be heard replacing the spelling pronunciation Kỳr- in that and Kyrgyzstān.
• In óften, *óffen, some people pronounce the traditionally silent t.
• Monosyllables with -oor and -our: toûr alternates with tŏur; BrE pŏor increasingly sounds like poôr, although dŏor remains unaffected.
• The pronunciation of prãyer traditionally rhymes with lãir (of an animal); the spelling pronunciation has two syllables and rhymes with lâyer.
• The traditional *crézzent may be giving way to a hissing -ss- sound in créscent; similarly, péssimism and péssimist can be heard with a hissing sound instead of the usual péz- pronunciation.
• Some speakers sây sâys and sâid, but most still sây *séz and *séd.
• Shreŵsbury is the spelling pronunciation of the English town long known as *Shrôzebury.
• Sûéz instead of *Sûíz.
• Tehràn is traditionally *Té-ràn: the Persian pronunciation, pronouncing the h after a closed [e] sound, is reflected in the spelling, but since the sequence -ehr- does not come naturally in English (hence an alternative, but little used, spelling, Teheràn) there has developed a tendency to lengthen the first vowel to the sound in èh?, making the syllable sound like Tây; cf. Bàhrain.
• Weak pronunciations of syllables traditionally with the schwa sound sometimes give way to strong ones: an example is Thaîlánd /taɪlænd/ (sounding like two words, 'tie land') instead of Thaîland /taɪlənd/: one would not expect such a pronunciation for England, Scotland, Ireland, Iceland, Greenland or New Zealand, and it recalls the days of the British Empire: Basûtolánd, Swàzilánd and Matabêlelánd do indeed usually retain such a pronunciation. And similarly, there is a tendency for people called Jûliet and Márian, with schwa as the final vowel, to pronounce their names more like Juliétte and Mariánne
• towårds was traditionally pronounced as one syllable (*tårds) but is now usually two (*təwårds)
• In the suffix -wíck the w is usually silent, but in Lërwick, it is sounded – compare Ẁarwick, Bérwick, Késwick and Sméthwick (*Wórrick, *Bérrick, *Kézzíck, *Smédhíck)
• The suffix -wích: Woòlwich, Gréenwich and Nórwich, which traditionally echo pórridge, can now be heard with final consonant unvoiced, as always in Ípswich

Related phenomena

Glottal starts

In the opposite direction to spelling pronunciation is a trend to replace the traditional word-linking sounds r and w with glottal stops (\) even when this means leaving silent a written letter. This may also be the result of a foreign learners’ habit, that of pronouncing each word separately, without liaisons. These could be called 'glottal starts', as they attach themselves emphatically to the vowel beginning the second word:

Traditional	Trendy
yŏur ôwn (*yərôwn)	*yə \ôwn
to òther (*tuwòther)	*tə \òther
yoû ônly (*yuwônly)	*yə \ônly
thê ãrea (*dhê-yãrêə)	*dhə \ãrêə

with the loss of a linking r sound:

spectácular_ôcean	*spectákyûluh \ôcean
thére_ísn’t any	*thé \ísn’t \ény
wéather úpdates	*wéathuh \úpdates

and even where written as one word:

foréver	*fə \éver
wheréver	*whé \éver
unêasy	*ún \êasy

But this does not happen with the consonantal 'y' liaison: hîgh úp is still normally pronounced *hiyúp. And conversely, people still tend to join words where the first ends in a with an imaginary, invisible 'r', by analogy with the -er ending: Chîna-América relâtions (*Chinərəmericərəlâshənz).

Other converse trends in English

One often hears Beijíng pronounced with a 'zh' sound instead of a normal j.

Sometimes the names of places in the Spanish-speaking world that have c before e or i, such as Valéncia, are pronounced with the unvoiced 'th' sound, 'Valénthia', echoing the pronunciation of Madrid (not all Spanish has this sound). Also, Nicarágûa is giving way to a more Spanish-sounding *Nicarágwa/-àgwa.

Some English speakers pay homage to a local pronunciation by calling Kósovo 'Kosova' (the fact is that Kosovo is the Serbian name and Kosova is the Albanian one).

Tbilìsi can sometimes be heard with an extra, invisible 'i', 'Tíb-', replacing the usual schwa sound before the b (*Təblêessy).

Budapést is sometimes heard as a Hungarian-style *Budapésht.

"Wrong"-language pronunciations

A number of words are frequently pronounced as if they were borrowed from a language other than that from which they were actually borrowed:

• fŏrtè, in the sense of strong point, as if Italian rather than French
• Lós Ángeles as if Greek (-lêez, cf. Sócratês, -têez) rather than Spanish (other pronunciations of the city's ending are -líss, -ləss, -líz, ləz; probably the most common pronunciation is *Lóss Ándjəlíz)
• rationàle (*rátion-àhl, *ráshə-nàhl) as if French rather than Latin
• schizo- as if Italian (ch as k, z as ts) rather than Greek: schízoid *skítsoid, schizophrênia *skitsəfrênia, schizophrénic *skitsəfrénic

In Catalan

In Catalan, x was traditionally pronounced [s] before a consonant. It is now more and more pronounced [ks] in this position:

• text “text”: traditionally [ˈtest], now usually [ˈtekst].
• explicar “explain”: traditionally [əspliˈka], now usually [əkspliˈka].

In French

Several inconsistencies of French spelling lead to spelling pronunciations.

Double consonants

The double consonants ll, mm and nn, usually pronounced as single consonants ([l], [m], [n]), may be phonetically doubled—or more exactly lengthened—in some words. This infringes the traditional pronunciation rules (explicitly, phonotactics) of French, where doubled or lengthened consonants are usually impossible inside a word:

• illusion “illusion”: normally [ilyzjɔ̃], becoming [illyzjɔ̃].
• sommet “summit”: normally [sɔme], becoming [sɔmme].
• grammaire “grammar”: normally [gʀamɛʀ], becoming [gʀammɛʀ] (note that the pronunciation [gʀɑ̃mɛʀ] may be also heard: it is archaic or regional).
• inné “innate”: normally [ine], becoming [inne].

Silent or pronounced letters

Silent letters (whether they are archaic or artificial) may be pronounced:

• legs “legacy”: traditionally [lɛ], now usually [lɛg].
• Aulnay-sous-Bois (a town in Ile-de-France): normally [onɛ su bwa], becoming [olnɛ su bwa].
• Lanoux, Giraudoux, Amouroux, Roux (surnames): normally [lanu, ʒiʀodu, amuʀu, ʀu], becoming [lanuks, ʒiʀoduks, amuʀuks, ʀuks].
• sioux “Sioux”: normally [sju], becoming [sjuks].
• août or aout “August”: traditionally [au], now [u] and more and more [ut].
• persil “parsley”, cil “eyelash”, sourcil “eyebrow”, chenil “kennel”, gril “grill/broiler”: traditionally [pɛʀsi, si, suʀsi, ʃəni, gʀi], now usually [pɛʀsil, sil, suʀsil, ʃənil, gʀil] (note that other words with a similar -il-ending keep a silent l: gentil “nice”, outil “tool” are always pronounced [ʒɑ̃ti, uti]).

Difficult reading interpretation

In some words, graphemes with an irregular pronunciation (or at least with a difficult reading interpretation), may be pronounced according to the general value of the graphemes:

• arguer “to claim (that)” (also written argüer since the spelling reform of 1990): it is normally pronounced [aʀgɥe] but often becomes [aʀge] (because the sequence gu is usually read [g], with a silent u, before e).
• gageure “challenge” (also written gageüre since the spelling reform of 1990): it is normally pronounced [gaʒyʀ] but often becomes [gaʒœʀ] (the sequence ge should be pronounced [ʒ] before u, but many speakers, instead of analyzing ge+u, see the more usual sequence g+eu where eu is normally pronounced [œ]).
• geôle “jail”: normally [ʒol], becoming [ʒeol] (the sequence ge should be pronounced [ʒ] before ô, but many speakers, instead of analyzing ge+ô, see the more usual sequence g+é+o).
• Bruxelles “Brussels”: normally [bʀysɛl], becoming [bʀyksɛl].
• Auxerre (a town in Burgundy): normally [osɛʀ], becoming [oksɛʀ].
• Metz (a town in Lorraine): normally [mɛs], becoming [mɛts].
• Montpellier (a town in Languedoc): usually [mɔ̃pəlje], but also [mɔ̃pelje] (theoretically, e is pronounced [e] before two consonants; the native, Occitan name Montpelhièr [mumpeˈʎɛ] could also explain [mɔ̃pelje] in French).

Œ

The grapheme œ, usually pronounced [œ] in the common word œil [œj] “eye”, should theoretically be pronounced differently, [e/ɛ], in learned words of Latin or Greek origin. However, many speakers prefer to use the [œ]-like pronunciation (which may be [œ] or [ø], depending on adjacent sounds):

• œsophage “(o)esophagus”: normally [ezɔfaʒ], but usually [øzɔfaʒ].
• œdème “(o)edema”: normally [edɛm], but usually [ødɛm].
• cœlacanthe “coelacanth”: normally [selakɑ̃t], but also [sølakɑ̃t].
• œstrogène “(o)estrogen”: normally [ɛstʀɔʒɛn], becoming [œstʀɔʒɛn]. Interestingly, this word is often re-spelled estrogène by doctors and biologists in order to promote the pronunciation [ɛstʀɔʒɛn].

Ch

The French grapheme ch is pronounced:

1. Generally [ʃ], that is the English sh-sound, in words from non-Greek origin: chien [ʃjɛ̃] “dog”, riche [ʀiʃ] “rich”, méchant [meʃɑ̃] “nasty”.
2. Sometimes [k] in words from Greek origin, where ch comes from the Greek letter χ: archaïque [aʀkaik] “archaic”, chaos [kao] “chaos”, tachycardie [takikaʀdi] “tachycardia”.

However, since the grapheme ch is ambiguous, several words originating from Greek have adopted for ch an inconsistent [ʃ]-sound instead of a consistent [k]-sound:

• machine [maʃin], not [makin]*, which has been borrowed in English as machine [məˈʃiːn]. Compare with Spanish máquina [ˈmakina] and Italian macchina [ˈmakkina].
• chimie [ʃimi], not [kimi]*. Compare with English chemistry [ˈkemɪstɹɪ], Spanish química [ˈkimika], Italian chimica [ˈkimika].
• chimère [ʃimɛʀ], not [kimɛʀ]*. Compare with English chimera [kaɪ̯ˈmɪə̯ɹə], Spanish quimera [kiˈmera], Italian chimera [kiˈmɛra].

This inconsistency causes contradictory pronunciations within a same word family:

• psych-:
  • [ʃ]: psyché [psiʃe] "psyche"
  • [k]: psychédélique [psikedelik] "psychedelic", psychologue [psikɔlɔg] "psychologist"
• -arch-:
  • [ʃ]: architecte [aʀʃitɛkt] “architect”, archevêque [aʀʃəvɛk] “archbishop”, monarchie [mɔnaʀʃi] "monarchy", patriarche [patʀiaʀʃ] “patriarch”
  • [ʃ] or [k]:archiépiscopal [aʀʃiepiskɔpal/aʀkiepiskɔpal] “archiepiscopal”
  • [k]: archétype [aʀketip] “archetype”, monarque [mɔnaʀk] "monarch", patriarcal [patʀiaʀkal] “patriarchal”
• bronch-:
  • [ʃ]: bronche [bʀɔ̃ʃ] "bronchus", bronchite [bʀɔ̃ʃit] "bronchitis"
  • [ʃ] or [k]: bronchiolite [bʀɔ̃ʃjɔlit/bʀɔ̃kjɔlit] "bronchiolitis"
  • [k]: bronchoscopie [bʀɔ̃kɔskɔpi] "bronchoscopy"
• chir-:
  • [ʃ]: chirurgie [ʃiʀyʀʒi] "surgery"
  • [k]: chiroptère [kiʀɔptɛʀ] "chiropter"
• monach-:
  • [ʃ] or [k]: monachisme [mɔnaʃizm/mɔnakizm] "monachism"
  • [k]: monacal [mɔnakal] "monachal"
• pachy-:
  • [ʃ] or [k]: pachyderme [paʃidɛʀm/pakidɛʀm] "pachyderm"
• Michel/Michaël:
  • [ʃ]: Michel [miʃɛl] "Michael", Michelle [miʃɛl] “Michelle”
  • [k]: Michel-Ange [mikɛlɑ̃ʒ] "Michelangelo", Michaël [mikaɛl] "Michael"

In Italian

In Italian, there is a tendency, when speaking slowly, to sound the 'i' in words where it was originally introduced merely as a spelling device to soften the preceding 'c' or 'g', as for example in the names Luciano, Giovanni and Giuseppe (compare Luke, John and Joseph).

In Portuguese

Normally, Portuguese final unstressed -o is pronounced as a very short /ʊ/, much like the 'u' in English 'put'. But the name of the euro, the Europe-wide currency that in 2002 replaced the Portuguese escudo, is pronounced by most speakers most of the time without this characteristic. Only when speaking rapidly do the Portuguese say 'yuru'. The reason is no doubt awareness that the word is derived from 'Europa', where the 'o' is very much an 'o' and stressed.