India-Singapore Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (2005)

The Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) is a controversial Free Trade Agreement between Singapore and India to strengthen bilateral trade. It was signed on 29 June 2005.

After the signing, the India-Singapore Parliamentary Forum and the Singapore-India Partnership foundation with active support from the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICC), the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and the Singapore Business Federation (SBF) was organised to promote trade, economic development and partnerships. The CECA eliminated tariff barriers, double taxation, duplicate processes and regulations and provided unhindered access and collaboration between the financial institutions of Singapore and India.

The CECA also enhanced bilateral collaboration related to education, science and technology, intellectual property, aviation, information technology, and financial fields. Singapore has invested in projects to upgrade India's ports, airports and developing information technology parks and a Special Economic Zone (SEZ). India has become Singapore's 4th biggest tourist destination and more than 650,000 Indians visited Singapore in 2006. Both nations have worked to collaborate on aviation, aerospace engineering, space programmes, information technology, biotechnology and energy.

CECA Review

Singapore and India successfully concluded the second review of the India–Singapore Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) on 1 June 2018 in the presence of India Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. It allows for the movement of four types of business people between Singapore and India. The second review of CECA was concluded with no change to the chapter on movement of people.

In response to claims that surfaced in early 2016 that Singapore had backtracked on its commitment on CECA by blocking Indian IT professionals seeking work visas, and that India had put on hold further liberation of trade in response, a spokesman from India's Commerce Ministry confirmed that India had not put the CECA on hold and it continued (to be) in force. Singapore also said it had not received any official notification from the Indian government that the review of the CECA had been put on hold.

In September 2018, India and Singapore formally launched the third review of CECA which focuses on trade facilitation, e-commerce and customs.

All of the Free Trade Agreements Singapore has signed are available at Enterprise Singapore's website.

Agreement

LIST OF PROFESSIONALS IN ANNEX 9A

S/N	Occupational Title
1	System Designer & Analyst
2	Network System & Data Communication Analyst
3	Software Engineer
4	Computer and Information Systems Manager
5	Computer Operations and Network Manager
6	Application Programmer
7	Systems Programmer
8	Multi-media Programmer
9	Network System & Database Administrator
10	Database Administrator
11	Information Technology Auditor
12	Information Technology Security Specialist
13	Information Technology Quality Assurance Specialist
14	Building Architect
15	Interior Architect
16	Landscape Architect
17	Town Planner
18	Civil Engineer (General)
19	Dredging Engineer
20	Dock and Harbour Construction Engineer
21	Structural Engineer (General)
22	Building Construction Engineer
23	Sewerage & Sanitary Engineer
24	Soil Mechanic & Piling Engineer
25	Trenchless Technology Engineer
26	Quantity Surveying Engineer
27	Transportation and Highways Engineer
28	Electrical Engineer (General)
29	Electromechanical Equipment Engineer
30	Electrical Traction Engineer
31	Power Generation & Distribution Engineer
32	Lift Engineer
33	Electronics Engineer (General)
34	Telecommunications Engineer
35	Computer Engineer
36	Computer Systems Engineer
37	Computer Applications Engineer
38	Computer Hardware Design Engineer
39	Semi-conductor Engineer
40	Audio & Video Equipment Engineer
41	Instrumentation Engineer
42	Mechanical Engineer (General)
43	Industrial Machinery & Tools Engineer
44	Marine Engineer
45	Ship Construction Engineer
46	Naval Architect
47	Aeronautical Engineer
48	Automotive Engineer
49	Air-conditioning & Refrigeration Engineer
50	Chemical Engineer (General)
51	Chemical Engineer (Petroleum)
52	Chemical Engineer (Petrochemicals)
53	Manufacturing Engineer (General)
54	Production Engineer
55	Automation Engineer
56	Robotic Engineer
57	Biomedical Engineer
58	Biochemical Engineer
59	Biotechnology Engineer
60	Materials Engineer
61	Industrial Health, Safety & Environment Engineer
62	Petroleum & Natural Gas Engineer
63	Metallurgist
64	Quantity Surveyor
65	Ceramics and Glass Technologist
66	Food and Drink Technologist
67	Dairy Technologist
68	Leather Technologist
69	Textile Technologist
70	Oil Technologist
71	Pulp, Paper, Paint and Plastics Technologist
72	Biologist (General)
73	Botanist
74	Zoologist
75	Anatomist
76	Biochemist
77	Physiologist
78	Neurologist
79	Medical Pathologist
80	Clinical Pathologist
81	Veterinary Pathologist
82	Pharmacologist
83	Animal Scientist
84	Microbiologist
85	Bacteriologist
86	Immunologist
87	General Physician
88	General Surgeon
89	Specialised Surgeon
90	Anaesthetist
91	Psychiatrist
92	Obstetrician & Gynaecologist
93	Paediatrician
94	Endocrinologist
95	Dermatologist
96	Ophthalmologist
97	Cardiologist
98	Radiologist
99	Industrial Physician
100	Medical Service Physician (School)
101	Public Health Physician
102	Dentist (General)
103	Specialised Dentist
104	Veterinarian
105	Veterinary Epidemiologist
106	Pharmacist (Dispensing)
107	Other Pharmacists
108	University Lecturer
109	Polytechnic Lecturer
110	Accountant
111	Cost Accountant
112	Company Secretaries (who are Accountants)
113	Taxation Professionals (who are Accountants)
114	Auditor (Accounting)
115	Career Adviser
116	Financial Analyst
117	Credit Analyst
118	Fund Manager
119	Treasury Manager
120	Market Research Analyst
121	Advertising Account Executive
122	Economist
123	Sociologist
124	Anthropologist
125	Historian
126	Political Scientist
127	Psychologist

Statistic

According to Singapore's Manpower Minister at the time, Tan See Leng, the proportion of employment pass (EP) holders in Singapore who are Indian nationals has doubled from 13% to 26% between 2005 and 2020.

Additionally, a quarter of the 177,100 employment pass (EP) holders in Singapore hail from India.

We don't have enough locals to fill the jobs available. In the infocomm sector alone today, 6,000 jobs currently remain unfilled — Tan See Leng, 6 July 2021

Tan claim that the larger increases in Indian EP holders compared with other nationalities, is driven by "rapid growth in the digital economy and finance, as every sector seeks tech talent in order to be digitally enabled". He also claim that Singapore did not have enough locals to fill the job available.

Controversy

The CECA is one of the most controversial Free Trade Agreement Singapore has ever signed since its independence as compared with other countries. Opposition parties and supporters argue that it only marginally boosts Singapore's already-high Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for its size while at the expense of being "one-sided" and "non-beneficial" towards Singaporeans in general. Others also added that it has become a point of grievance for locals who believe that a "high influx of Indian professionals has stolen their jobs" and is "crowding out the local society".

In addition, there are integrity issues brought by the "professionals" from India such as the widespread fake qualifications in India. Many of whom that possess such qualifications have managed to secure employment in Singapore. The "professionals" from India have also caused many social problems in Singapore due to their negative behaviours shown i.e. being self entitled and selfish, behaving impolitely and arrogantly and disrespecting the locals. This has angered many local Singaporeans.

Fake education qualification issues

In April 2017, two men from India were charged in Singapore over submitting fake educational certificates for their work pass applications. Singapore's Ministry of Manpower (MOM) verified with the academic institutions and found that the certificates were forged.

In February 2021, the Ministry of Manpower was reportedly investigating 15 work pass holders who had declared qualifications from India's Manav Bharti University in their work pass applications. The university had reportedly sold 36,000 fake degrees over 11 years according to the Times of India (TOI).

In July 2021, two Indian nationals work pass holders were imprisoned for submitting false qualifications to the MOM in their work pass applications.

Political responses

In 2020, the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI) released a statement identifying that Singaporeans are "understandably concerned" with competition from foreign professionals, managers and executives (PMEs) due to the current bleak economy and employment situation. However, it added that it was also "misleading" to assert that the number of Indian PMEs, especially intra-corporate transferees, as being solely or largely to CECA. MTI also refuted that "None of our free trade agreements, including CECA, obliges us to automatically grant Employment Passes (EP) to any foreign national." Additionally, "All foreign nationals applying for Employment Passes must meet our prevailing criteria, and all companies must comply with rules on fair hiring".

The topic of FTAs and CECA was debated during the 2020 Singaporean general elections between both the governing People's Action Party (PAP) and various opposition parties, most notably the Progress Singapore Party (PSP). Tan Cheng Bock, a former PAP MP and founder of the PSP, promised to call for the review of CECA if elected, especially on one of the terms which allows the free movement of Indian workers in at least 127 sectors to enter and work in Singapore.

In 2020, Leong Mun Wai, as a Non-constituency Member of Parliament (NCMP) of the PSP, spoke in Parliament, mentioning as to how "deeply disappointed" he was that DBS Bank, a Singaporean multinational bank, did not have a "home-grown" Singaporean-born chief executive as the bank's CEO. Piyush Gupta was an Indian national when appointed, becoming a Singaporean citizen shortly thereafter, possibly making him a beneficiary of CECA.